Some People Prefer to Spend Their Lives Doing the Same Things free essay sample

There has been a popular and interesting controversy in regards to peoples lifestyle. Some people would like to remain unchanged for their entire life, while others in favor of changing. Since this matter is debatable, I shall enlighten both sides before deriving any conclusion over this fact. On the one hand, those who are fond of devoting their life to a particular career tend to be in professional areas such as doctors and scientists. These jobs need chronic research and practice to acquire success. As a result, it is hardly to see a surgeon or a physicist abandoning their career and switch to other professionals. In addition, these jobs have a higher obstacle to change because the career development is much narrower than others. For instance, an astronomer would have no sense about economy and investment, and therefore it would be highly unlikely for him to get another job which is irrelated to astronomy. We will write a custom essay sample on Some People Prefer to Spend Their Lives Doing the Same Things or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page From this point of view, it is understandable that long-term research and faith of insistence are in need in highly professional careers. On the other hand, it is not uncommon that many people are fascinated by attempting new subjects. They would like to meet different people and accept new challenges rather than to maintain current circumstances. Consequently, they are capable to create more versatile experience and cultivate well-rounded character. However, frequent job-hopping will lead to minor opportunities to get promoted, thus those who prefer changing would be unable to create a successful career because of lack of specialties. In conclusion, there is no clear answer to this issue as there are equal numbers of pros and cons on both arguments. My personal belief is that is should depend on different personalities and the essence of the jobs.

my brother my executioner essays

my brother my executioner essays MY BROTHER, MY EXECUTIONER Conscience brings not only illumination but also agony: It relentlessly exposes the inner battle that human being must wage war against their own impulses. This was said by Paul in Romans 7 : 15 20. This inner battle within ourselves started since the beginning of time and still continues today and will do so in the future. It is the greatest battle that we will fight. A seemingly endless confrontation that we will have to endure as long as we still steps our foot in the ground, as long as the need for oxygen remains, as long as the blood runs through our veins. Conscience that will always be there, always mind-bogging you. Conscience that will always be there, always telling what you ought to do. Conscience that will be there to guide you in everything that you do. Conscience that will always be there, continuously shaping yourself to what you can really be. The novel, My Brother My Executioner, tackles a lot of conflicts. Conflicts that ranges from deep within up to the environment and surroundings. Conflicts which will always be there, continuing to shape us to what we are now and to what we can be in the future. Conflicts that will teach us a lot of things in life. Conflicts that will open our eyes to what is really happening around us. My Brother My Executioner circles around two major characters. These two main characters are brothers in the story. Their names are Luis and Victor. Brothers with two different views in life. Two brothers with different outlook in things. Two brothers with different life style in which they are living in. Two brothers living in the both end of the world. Two brothers born in the same womb but with different fathers. Aside from these characters, Don Vicente, Trining, Ester and Dantes, are also present. These characters are the next important ones. Each one adds a twist in the story. Each character possesses a unique personal...

Strategy management case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategy management - Case Study Example Hikma Pharmaceuticals Company has experienced expansive growth and success over the years (Gillespie & Hennessey, 2011). To match the world’s current competition status in the pharmaceuticals industry, the company needs to implement the following recommendations. Hikma has defiled odds of political turbulence to become one of the world’s top drug producing companies in the world. However, there is a challenge of political risks especially from MENA community. Hikma should therefore carry out thorough international relations to win the politically unfriendly countries. The move will see the company enjoy good customer relations in all its marketing environments. Hikma should have continued investment in the research and development (R&D). The R&D investment will be crucial in maintaining pharmaceutical company’s efficiency through development of innovative and new drugs that current world market demands (Chrysostome & Molz, 2014). The company should also take part in genericization process in which it develops and modifies the already existing drugs. Hikma should put more efforts to acquire FDA approval as quality drug manufacturers to penetrate US market effectively and efficiently (Johnson & Scholes, 2006). Successful acquisition of FDA means Hikma shall have acquired quality-manufacturing standards to assure it of a wide market base. In addition, Hikma will also overcome the restrictions and regulatory measures that bar it from manufacturing certain products as well as accessing some markets. To fulfill and reach its global market ambitions, Hikma should create more opportunities for a profitable future by increasing the demand for its shares and improving its liquidity (OBG, 2010). Consequently, employee commitment and profits will increase significantly. Finally, Hikma should focus on advocating patent expiries and increase in demand for medicines that are cost-effective. Such strategies will help in easing the current pricing pressures

Why do nurses eat their young Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why do nurses eat their young - Term Paper Example Nurses who are older and who have more experience have the reputation on shunning the younger nurses away, making life difficult for them, in other words ‘eating’ them. For which reason, the younger nurses often experience great difficulty in starting their practice. Some of them often even end up leaving the profession altogether. This paper shall discuss and resolve issues on the question: why do nurses eat their young? This question is being answered in the hope of establishing a comprehensive and academic answer to this query and in the hope of improving the transition for younger nurses into the practice. Review of literature Various studies have been carried out on nurses eating their young. For purposes of this discussion, this practice shall also be referred to as horizontal violence among nurses. In a paper by Woelfe and McCaffrey (2007), the authors set out to evaluate if horizontal violence in the workplace is present in nursing and if it is, its relationship to patient care. This study was carried out as a literature review of articles published from 2003 and 2004 from nursing research databases. This study revealed that horizontal violence does exist in nursing today (Woelfe and McCaffrey, 2007). The study revealed that horizontal violence exists in the current context and it affects most areas of the nursing practice. In instances when tension is elevated in patient care areas, the nursing staff is often not likely to be at their best performance and the quality of their patient care is compromised. In a similar study by Oztunc (2007), the author set out to evaluate the incidents of verbal abuse encountered by nurses in the workplace. Data was gathered in about 290 hospital nurses in Turkey. The study soon established that most nurses faced verbal abuse. It also confirmed that there is a need to implement urgent and continuous plans in addressing verbal abuse in the workplace and in the adoption of zero tolerance (Oztunc, 2007). In ef fect, this study highlighted the alarming increase in violence between nurses which mostly registers as verbal abuse and bullying in the workplace. In a paper by Johnson (2009), the authors evaluated the nursing literature on workplace bullying in order to establish a better understanding of these incidents in the workplace. The CINAHL, PubMed, Pro Quest, and EBSCO databases were searched. This study revealed that workplace bullying is not just a simple contract between two individuals. This is also a complicated incident which can be understood by evaluating social and organizational factors (Johnson, 2009). Bullying has been known to affect the physical and psychological issues of victims, including their work performance. It also impacts on organizations due to their decreased productivity, increased sick time, and reduced quality of work (Johnson, 2009). The incidence of workplace violence and bullying in the nursing profession was also discussed by Hutchinson, et.al. (2006), th e authors discussed that workplace bullying is a significant issue in the nursing profession. It is often described in terms of oppressed group behavior. The oppressed group theory has set forth only minimal understanding of this phenomenon in nursing. This theory is said to place too much of an emphasis on bullying as a phenomenon in nursing, not one which is common in other professions as well (Hutchinson, et.al., 2006). Alternative methods of understanding this phenomenon have instead been suggested by other theorists in order to understand nursing workplace bullying. Saunders, et.al., (2007) discussed that various attempts at defining

Final Assignment - Critical thinking Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Final - Critical thinking - Assignment Example Besides, critical thinking enables people to demonstrate the importance and relevance of their ideas and reflect on their justifications of values and beliefs (Nukui, 2007). Therefore, critical thinking guides decision-making process and enables human being to construe concerns from possible actions. Critical thinking course is a crucial component of the curriculum and student development. The course curriculum enhances cognitive values and nurtures skills in decision-making. The course equips and enriches interpersonal skills and conflict resolution aids. Therefore, critical thinking course facilitates a proper training on the importance of rational behavior in the pursuit of sustainable global development. The critical thinking course sets apart peoples future professionalism. Notably, the course advanced students knowledge to embrace diversity and challenges. Besides, benefits of critical thinking course evidences in peoples analytical skills, nature of arguments presentations, and judiciousness in attempting academic puzzles. The clear understanding of barriers to communication and critical thinking further stamps the significance of the course to the school life. In regards to dealing with arguments, the course provided a precise analysis of the types of cases. Critical thinking enhances analysis of reasons, application of standards and making of conclusive decisions based on sound reasoning and premises. Arguments are good or bad depending on the context, premises of thoughts and applied strategies. They include statements by individuals on a given topic or issue of debate. Good arguments comprise of inductive and deductive arguments. Good deductive arguments provide the basis for truth in conclusions while good inductive arguments guarantee probable suppositions (Nukui, 2007). A bad argument refers to the fallacious or misleading arguments. The type of case usually facilitates persuasive conclusions through illicit procedure of argumentation.

Both Psychoanalysis And Surrealism Unconscious Mind Psychology Essay

Both Psychoanalysis And Surrealism Unconscious Mind Psychology Essay The relationship between Surrealism and psychoanalysis cannot be debated because they share similarities that are evident. The following literature review will show that both psychoanalysis and Surrealism are based on the unconscious mind. While psychoanalysis attempts to explain that the human behavior is influenced by the feelings from the past that have been stored in the unconscious mind, Surrealism attempts to influence the thinking of the human mind by evoking the feelings of the unconscious mind by the use of visual arts. It was also found out that the psychoanalytical theory by Sigmund Freud comes in handy in explaining the relationship between the works of a surrealist with psychoanalysis. In addition to that, some of the surrealists works of art will be used to show how they influence the unconscious mind. Surrealism Sigmund Freud is known to be the father of psychoanalysis and through his work, the relationship between psychoanalysis and surrealism can be seen. Surrealism is a style of art and literature developed principally in the 20th century, stressing the subconscious or non-rational significance of imagery arrived at by automatism or unexpected juxtapositions (Cherry par. 1). People who engage in surrealism are referred to as surrealists and the main activity that they are engaged in is art work, such as painting and writing of literature. The movement of Surrealists which involved writings and visual art was most prevalent in Europe and later on spread to other regions such as New York eventually having an effect on music, literature, visual arts, political thought, social theory and philosophy. Surrealism grew principally out of the earlier Dada movementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which produced works of anti-art that deliberately defied reason (Cherry par. 2). In her book, Bradley states that Dada predated Surrealism, and Surrealism survived Dada, but for a while, the two movements co-existed in a continuum of shared energy and excitement (12). The Dada movement shared a lot of similarities with Surrealism. For example, just like Surrealism, it ridiculed the way in which the way the complexities that existed in modern life were made to look secure through categorization and division. Dada artists declared everything to be in a constant and creative state of flux. They were interested more in a mental attitude than an artistic mo vement (Bradley 12). In other words, the followers of the Dada movement dwelled mostly on activity believing that it would eventually give rise to creativity. A closer look at the Dada art and creativity shows that they had the intention of provoking and arousing anger in the audience. However, Surrealism was associated with positive expressions in contrast to Dada movement which was mostly negative towards art. The members of the Surrealism movement were reacting against the destruction that was caused by a rational way of thinking especially in the European politics and culture. The spokesman of the movement, Andre Breton, stated that Surrealism was meant to be used to reunite the unconscious and conscious experiences completely so that the dream and fantasy world would unite. Through this unity, the rational world would be presented in the minds of people in such a way that there would exist not only an absolute reality -but also- surrealism (Bradley 14). Andre Breton first joined the Dada movement and engaged in the experimentation of automatic writing. This kind of literature involved spontaneous writing without the censoring of ones thoughts. As Breton continued writing, he managed to influence other writers to join him and with time they managed to make a team. It then dawned on them that automatic writing seemed to be an effective way of changing the society rather than the Dada way of attacking values, which seemed to be negative. Breton kept on referring to the works of Freud and saw that the source of imagination was the unconscious mind. He defined genius in terms of accessibility to this normally untapped realm, which, he believed, could be attained by poets and painters alike (Lusty 4). In that regard, great works of art and paintings have been produced today due to continuous thought processes and insights of the mind. In addition to that, Breton adds that the aim of Surrealism is to unite the internal reality and the external realityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and refusing to allow the preeminence of one over the other (par. 5). In order to achieve this, both realities need to be treated in a manner that is systematic in order for their reciprocal effects to be felt by individuals in an effective way. The coming together of different automatic writers formed a group that had the desire to revolutionize the experiences of humans including its political, social, personal and cultural aspects. They intended to do this by influencing people to be free from what they perceived as restrictive customs, false rationality and structures. Breton also added that the Surrealism is long live social revolution, and it alone! (Breton par.6) A few years later, the group of writers, led by Breton formed the Surrealist Manifesto. In this manifesto, Breton defined Surrealism as Pure psychic automatism, by which it is intended to express, verbally, in writing, or by other means, the real process of thought (par.13). Surrealists have come to believe that cultures from the non-Western regions of the world are a source of continuous inspiration for the activities of surrealists since they strike a balance between imagination and instrumental reason than the culture of the west. In addition, Surrealism has also had an impact on revolutionary and radical politics both indirectly and directly. The direct influence can be explained in the sense that surrealists may join or form allies with political groups, parties or movements. On the other hand, an indirect effect occurs when surrealist put an emphasis on the intimate link between freeing imagination of the mind, and liberation from repressive and archaic social structures (Lusty 3). Surrealists work, as stated earlier, was mostly about automatic writing which later on dwelled on visual arts. In fact, it seemed as if the Surrealism movement was all about a visual movement due to the many visual styles that were created by various artists in the movement. However, the movement came to find out that it can associate their visual images with ones individuality and at the same time use the images to bring out psychological truth. The artists did this by, for example, painting original objects that seemed to have a completely a function that is completely different from their intended use. This was done in order to evoke empathy from people that viewed it. An example of this process of a Surrealists work is the image of watches that sag as if they are melting (Bond 5). Such a work of art intends to reach deeply into the psychology of individuals and is made whole with ones individuality (Bond 5) Psychoanalysis explores the interconnection between the conscious and the unconscious mind. The psychoanalysis view holds that there are inner forces outside of your awareness that are directing your behavior (Cherry par.3) Sometimes individuals might act in ways that they may not be in a position to explain why they act that way and yet their actions may be explained based on unresolved feelings about the past caused by specific experiences or significant people in their lives. Such feelings can be explored or triggered with the help of psychologists and help the individual gain insight into his or her behavior or problems. In the field of psychoanalysis, it is widely known that Sigmund Freud was the person who first discovered psychoanalysis and he then came up with psychoanalytical theory. Most of his theories were considered to be shocking since he dwelt on the sexual desires of human beings and attempted to explain the human behavior based on these desires, which is why his theories raised a lot of controversies and debates. Actually, his work had a major influence on many disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, art, literature and most of all, psychology. Psychoanalysis is used to refer to many aspects of Freuds work and research; including Freudian therapy and the research methodology he used to develop his theories (Cherry par.4) Most of the theories that Freud formulated were mainly based on observations he made on his patients. Cherry agrees with this observation when she states that Freud relied heavily upon his observations and case studies of his patients when he formed his theory of pe rsonality development (par.5) When people are faced with thoughts that are immoral they engage in self reproach or some people may have paranoia towards certain images or certain people due to past experiences that are still engraved in the subconscious mind. The purpose of paranoia is thus to fend off an idea that is incompatible with the ego, by projecting its substance to the external world (Bell 13) Many of the behaviors of human beings can be linked to their past experiences and as Bell puts it, many people face a difficulty in managing intolerable ideas that eventuate in self-reproach (14).Some people manage to delete these ideas through the process of repression but for others, self-reproach becomes self-distrust and so the obsession person continues to check and recheck his own actions (Bell 14). In addition to that, the idea will always remain in the mind of the paranoia but the judgment that concerns the idea is transformed as reproach towards the individual that bears the idea. In this way, the individual will live thinking that people are judging him because of the bad ideas that are in his mind, yet in the real sense, he has become paranoid. When an individual projects such internal objects to the environment that surrounds him or her, then it psychologists refer to it as projection and one is said to be suffering from paranoia. This example is given so that the strong effect of the unconscious mind is demonstrated clearly. According to psychology, many people are unaware that the unconscious mind is very alive and the thoughts that are inscribed in this part of the brain play a significant role in shaping the general behavior of individuals. In order to clearly illustrate psychoanalysis, it is important to be in a position to differentiate the meaning of the conscious mind and the unconscious mind. These two are sections of the brain that store memory at long term or short term depending on the section. A precise definition states that the conscious mind includes everything we are aware of (Cherry par.1) When one can easily talk and think about the mental processing in his or her mind, then it is said that the individual is operating in the conscious mind. Physicians normally test the memory of their patients, especially those that have suffered a brain injury, by asking them if they can remember their names or if they can recall what happened shortly before the accident. If these patients are in a position to recall the incidents, then their memory is still intact since a section of the conscious mind includes the memory. Freud called this memory ordinary memory the preconscious (Bell 12). On the other hand, the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness (Bell13) generally, psychologists say that the contents of this part of the mind are unpleasant or unacceptable, for instance, feelings of conflict, pain or anxiety. In addition to that, the unconscious mind will always influence our experience and behavior even though we are unaware of these underlying influences (Bradley 4) Psychoanalysis of the human mind will therefore help individuals understand why they behave in a particular way and they will also find out whether the unconscious mind is influencing their behavior. Breton was always corresponding with Freud in his works and in leading the movement of Surrealism. He especially showed a deep interest and a continuous reference on the theories that were presented by Freud. A closer look at surrealists paintings will reveal that there is an interconnection between Surrealism and psychoanalysis. As discussed previously, it can be noted that Surrealism was an artistic movement which was concerned with the nature of the unconscious and its connection with creation (Bond par.1) As the surrealists aimed to break the way of thinking that was conventional, their works attempted to highlight the the role of the unconscious in creativity in order to break new ground (Bond par.1) In addition to that, since the surrealists had an interest in the expressions and the functioning of the unconscious, and where the position of desire was in psychoanalytical theory, it was obvious that there would be attempts to associate a surrealists work with a theme that spelled out desire. In that regard, desire is treated in psychoanalytical terms. In support of this view, Bond states that The connection between surrealism and psychoanalysis cannot be understated (par.20) since psychoanalysis was seen as the means to the freedom of the mind of human beings. Since the unconscious mind is correlated with conflict, pain or anxiety, the work of surrealists, especially visual arts, attempts to evoke feelings that are associated with these three emotions. In fact, most of the work of surrealists aims to make its audience emotional and instill feelings of empathy. The main themes of Surrealism are psychoanalytic as depicted in the work of a surrealist. Lusty supports this view when she says that a series of psychoanalytic Surrealist themes, including narcissism, fantasy, masquerade, perversionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (1) From these themes, it can be said that many surrealists work depict perversion especially those that show the nudity of females. In the same light, psychoanalysis, which mainly dwells on the unconscious mind, demonstrates that this part of the brain stores up unpleasant memories some of which, according to Freud, are sexual in nature. Therefore, the way a surrealist work uses the unconscious mind for creativity in order to illustrate perversion by the use of nude paintings, may evoke associated feelings of the unconscious mind. This way, the surrealists succeeded in influencing the human mind by use of creative visual arts. Also the use of fantasy can be explained in the same way. In addition to that, the theater of Surrealists depicts the subconscious experience, moody tone and disjointed structure, sometimes imposing a unifying idea (Lusty 6) These surrealists wish to create a theatrical form that is direct and immediate, by linking the unconscious minds of performers and spectators (Bell 12) which seems to be ritualistic. In some of these theaters, feelings, emotions and metaphysical were expressed physically thus creating a vision that seems to share similarities with the realm of dreams. Thus it can be deduced that psychoanalysis has a deep interconnection with surrealists work since Surrealism depended mostly on imagination and linked it to psychoanalysis in order to produce great and creative pieces of art. Conclusion It can therefore be noted that the relationship between psychoanalysis and surrealism is real and it affects human beings since they both deal with the subconscious mind. The literature review has shown that Breton depended on the work of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, as he led the followers of Surrealism. In addition to that, Breton showed that he fully depended on psychoanalysis as he was doing automatic writing and painting. In that regard, the definition of surrealism is connected with art and the subconscious mind as they work hand in hand with the aim of expressing inner thoughts and influence the way of thinking of other human beings. Therefore, it is sufficient to state that surrealists are the people who are paint and do automatic writing, also referred to as literature. Moreover, the surrealists were known to be influential and they were very aggressive with their work of art since it was a way of expressing anger and ridicule to the peoples way of thinking. In other words, surrealism does not use the voice for expression but passes so many messages by the use of visual arts that seems so unique and creative. This kind of art helps surrealists to express emotions such as desire, love, hatred, despair, dissatisfaction and many more. It was also seen that they use abstract images in their work of art; images that one cannot expect can be used in a particular manner. An example of this was the use of a sliding wall clock on top of a table. Such are the kind of creative art that were used but with the intention of influencing the subconscious, just as psychoanalysis attempts to understand the feelings that are stored up in the subconscious. In addition, it was learnt that Surrealism grew from the Dada movement and the two movements shared some similarities. The only problem that Dada movement had is that it used its literature to attack the individuals of the society. This is what displeased Breton, who was then a member of the Dada movement and he would later turn out to be the spokesman of the Surrealism movement. Thus, the literature review has shown that Breton, together with a team of other automatic writers rebelled form the Dada movement since they were not pleased with the concept of leadership and they formed a Surrealist network that would be positive in its activities and movements instead of negative like Dada. In other words, Breton and his team chose art, a more subtle way of passing messages, as the theme of movement. This movement would later move from Paris to other parts of the world like New York. The relationship between Surrealism and Psychoanalysis was brought out clearly in the paper by showing that they both use the subconscious mind. First and foremost, the conscious mind is that part of the brain where one can easily talk about when asked what they are thinking about. On the other hand, the unconscious mind is the part of the brain that stores up feelings and emotions associated with it and this is the part of the mind that influences behavior. Moreover, psychoanalysts who try to understand why an individual is behaving in a particular manner will always explore the mind of a patient with the aim of uncovering the stored feelings in the unconscious. Psychoanalytical theory that was invented by Sigmund Freud dwells upon the unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud has stated that the feelings that result from the experiences all people go through are sometimes stored in the subconscious mind. Such feelings may, in many occasions, influence the way people interpret other situations that they go through in life without being aware that the subconscious mind is the one leading them to act and think in such a manner. The kinds of feelings that are stored in this part of the mind are normally unpleasant and Freud states that most of the time, the feelings are sexual. Freud further states that some individuals engage in self-reproach whenever they experience such feelings because they believe that they are unacceptable and wrong. This is what results in paranoia where an individual is self-obsessed with fear over issues and experiences due the influence of the feelings in the unconscious mind. The paintings of Surrealists had a connection with the unconscious. This is where the relationship between Surrealism and Psychoanalysis begins. The works of surrealist was painted in such a way that they would influence the way of thinking of human beings, which was thought to be conventional. Thus their work intended to bring out the role the unconscious mind played in creativity and thinking so that this way of expression by art, would break new ground. Moreover, it was seen that Breton kept referring to the psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud in his work so that he would use the theme in the paintings. Thus this also was an indication that there exists a relationship between Surrealism and Psychoanalysis. Furthermore, it was shown that the main themes of the Surrealists work are psychoanalytic. The kinds of themes that seemed prevalent and shared a close relationship with psychoanalysis are narcissism, perversion, fantasy and masquerade. It is especially true to note that perversion seemed to be the central theme of their work especially when they did the paintings of women, this kind of paintings has raised a lot of controversy in the world today as the Surrealists were accused of being feminists. Moreover, the use of perversion may evoke associated feelings with the unconscious mind that people see as unpleasant, such as paintings of nudity. In addition, theaters that displayed surrealists work intend to make a connection with the mind of the audience and this is also a concept of psychoanalysis. This is how the surrealists used visual art to influence the human mind. In fact, it was not only the theme of perversion that was used to influence their way of thinking, but also themes t hat would ridicule politicians and other leaders in society to change their way of leadership and lead the society and its members in the right path.

The Governments Integrity :: Ethical Integrity Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Government’s Integrity According to Webster’s dictionary a militia is â€Å"all able-bodied male citizens between 18 and 45 years old who are not already members of regular armed forces.† If only it was that simple. Individual fear of government corruption has lead to a wide spread militia movement. This movement has been going on ever since the early 80’s and is growing stronger today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning there were only two major militia groups: The Order, and the Posse Comitatus. â€Å"The Order was the most violent and notorious domestic terrorist group of the 80’s† (www.nizkor.org/web...1/paranoia-as-patriotism/the-order.htlml). Founded in 1983 by Robert Mathews, it was one of the first racists militia groups. It gathered it’s members from the National Alliance, Aryan Nation, and other Klan splinter groups. Mathews felt that it was his duty in life to lead a revolution against government and all non-white citizens of the U.S. During the first year of existence, the Order stole close to $26,000 in order to launch a counterfeiting operation. In total, the Order stole over four-million dollars from banks and armored trucks. Mathews and his followers were more than just thieves, they were also one of the first domestic terrorist groups. Members of the Order carried out strategic bombings and planned assassinations. Two people that were targeted were Walter West and Alan Berg. Walters was a members of the Order accused of â€Å"talking to much.† In May of 1994, Walters was driven into to the woods by other members of the Order who shot and buried him. The second target, Alan Berg, was a Jewish talk-radio host. The Order tried to scare him off the air, but their threats did little to Berg. After several heated conversation Bergs was shot and killed in front of his house. The Order continued with their reign of terror by robbing a Brink’s armored vehicle escaping with approximately four million dollars. All of this would have gone without incident but Mathews carelessly left a pistol at the scene of Berg’s murder. The FBI later traced it back to the Order. At the same time, Thomas Martinez was arrested for trying to use a counterfeit bill. Martinez made a plea with authorities and exposed the Order. In total, twenty-two members arrested, fined, and some of the members were given life sentences. R. Mathews being the solider he is died in a shootout with law enforcement. In December 1984, the life of the Order had come to an end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the time of the Order’s reign, the Posse Comitatus was also in action.

Environmental Science in Today’s World Essay

Humans so dominate today’s world that there is no ecosystem on earth that has not been influenced to a greater or lesser degree of human activities. And, as long as humans remain on earth, such influence will not end. Sustainability will depend on learning to channel our efforts so that we play a positive supporting role as opposed to a destructive role toward ecosystems (Nebel & Wright, 1993). Environmental risk is a reality of today’s world. The seemingly endless supply of synthetic chemicals, consumer goods, energy, and waste create new risks through chemical contamination, pollution, and environmental degradation. Environmental disasters such as chemical spills or explosions threaten millions of people living in the vicinity of manufacturing or storage facilities. The uncertain risks of global warming and ozone depletion loom ahead. A central factor of environmental risk is that it is usually involuntary. People do not choose to ingest chemical pollutants such as pesticides or industrial solvents in their food and water, to undergo workplace exposures to dangerous chemicals, to breathe polluted air, or to experience radiation exposure from nuclear fallout or faulty nuclear power plants. These environmental risks pose a unique problem to regulators charged with protecting the public health. Limited information may be available on the health effects of these risks. Consequently, in an effort to protect the public’s health, various government agencies study these potential hazards to determine the level of risk they pose. This effort to understand these risks, and to quantify their impact on human health, is the field of risk analysis (Moore, 2002). The scale of human occupation and transformation of the environment is now truly global. The adverse health effects of this ignorance may have been limited, as the environmental damage was on a local scale. However, in today’s world our activities are having an impact at a global scale, and global environmental change will become a major theme in public health research, social policy and development, and political advocacy in the 21st century. The conceptualization of the environment as a global public good for health should go some way not only in increasing an appreciation for this heritage and dependency, but should also enhance the interface between research and policy. This increased awareness and interface between key stakeholders might lead to effective action to ensure a sustainable future for current and future generations (Hester & Harrison, 2002).

Muslim Women : the Veil Essay

OBJECTIVE To study the conditions of Muslim women in various regions and to draw the conclusions related to the topic. INTRODUCTION The veil should be considered as an oppression/suppression or it should be left upon the women to decide? Certainly, religious sentiments should never be undermined because in some or the other way it leads to humiliation which further provokes uncertainty among different groups of people. However, being a non-Muslim, it is somewhere inculcated in my mind that this practice is a landmark of patriarchal society or suppression of women, but through my research, I realized that it is not about my views but it is about those Muslim women and their opinion regarding this practice. A Muslim woman wears hijab (veil for the simple reason that God has commanded it in the Quran and Sunna. There are two verses which deal with the question of women’s dress. They are: Surah an-Nur verse 31 and Surah al- Ahzab verse 59 Mainly, many non-Muslims and few Muslims also, fail to examine and analyse this issue and openly condemn this practice. Modernization has lessened the gap between men and women but it fails to understand that though ‘Men and women are equal but not identical’. Many feminists’ approaches have been taken against the suppression of Muslim women. They argue that Islam like any patriarchal religion, subordinates women. They are committed to women’s rights and believe that Islam doesn’t allow women liberation. If we look at the scenario from broader view, we will find that there is a wide gap between anthropological perspective and the modern perspective. Quran is the command of God and must be followed in all times. In many countries, face covering is abandoned, such as France and in other countries; it is left upon Muslim women to decide about it such as India, U.S. It has been abolished in many countries due to the rise of Terrorism which has become the global issue today and also due to many feminists’ movements. THE VEIL AND FEMINIST APPROACHES A perception that the veil is a symbol of oppression of women has different adherents who embody different assumptions ad different levels of sophistication. Many westerners and non- Muslims think that Muslim women are completely and utterly subjugated by men, and the veil is the symbol of that. They are underpinned by an unconscious adherence to liberalism and modernization theory. A more sophisticated view is that of one school of feminists, they argue that Islam, like any other patriarchal religion, subordinates women . They keep every sort of knowledge about the religion and believe that it undermines the women liberation and their rights. Some of them do not listen to the covered women. There is another school of feminists that listens to the voices of covered women but reaches to different conclusions about covering from those of the liberal feminists. Often anthropologists and historians, this group of feminists has been concerned to understand meaning of a social practice from the inside. Thus, this group follows a ‘contextual approach’ in understanding the grievances of Muslim women. Many feminists have trouble knowing how to deal with the veil, Islam, and the women who embrace it. Some feminists who in differing ways aim to build on, extrapolate from, or sometimes negate, classical Islamic law, and reinterpret it for modern times. There are also feminists whose benchmark is liberal secular liberalism, who seeks to remove all aspects of Islamic law that do not conform to a secular liberal feminist standard of equality and liberation for women. METHODOLOGICAL STUDY The study of women, indeed, Islam in general, has suffered methodological problems. Until recently, the predominant methodological approach to study Muslim women has been Orientalist, or neo-Orientalist. Orientalism has viewed Muslims through the prism of religion, said by Edward said. ‘ISLAM’ has been as a static, monolithic, backward doctrine that both explains and determines Muslim behavior. After World War II, Orientalism was transformed in to modernization theory. This approach analyzed the non-western world to evolve into western style institutions. The mainstream Western media and mass market books still rely on a belief in the inherent superiority of the Western ways to make the case against Islam. In modern times, Muslim elites accepted the Western version of the meaning of the veil, and they also saw its disappearance as essential to the ‘modernization’ of their countries. Nazira Zain al-Din, the first Arab woman to publish lengthy treaties on the topic of veiling: â€Å"I have noticed that the nations that have given up the veil are the nations that have advanced in intellectual and material life. The unveiled nations are the ones that have discovered through research and study the secrets of nature and have brought the physical elements under their control as you see and know. But the veiled nations have not unearthed any secret and have not put any of the physical elements under their control but only sing the songs of the glorious past and ancient tradition.† Historians and Anthropologists in particular, have challenged Orientalism and modernization theory in relation to Muslim women by urging a focus on the specificity of Muslim women in order to understand them better. Indeed, it is useful to point out that women’s frequently deteriorated under European intervention in the Muslim world, challenging the linkage of Modernization and Westernization with liberation for Muslim women. Seclusion increased in the Ottoman Empire during European penetration. Muslim women have had right over their property owned by father or earned by themselves, without the involvement of their husband. In Aleppo, upper-class women were â€Å" property owners of some importance in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries†¦In 1770, 59 percent of all property sales involved women as either buyers or sellers; in 1800, 67 percent; and in 1840 , 53 percent†. In Egypt, Muhammad Ali’s centralization programme deprived Muslim women of economic independence. Centralization excluded them, as ruler gave away land at his discretion to women’s detriment. In addition, the: New centralized system also introduced new institutions derived from Europe that militated against women. Banks, stock exchanges, insurance companies, etc, in Europe did not recognize the legal existence of women; and so they followed the same strategies in Egypt. Women were not allowed to open bank accounts in their own names or to play the stock market or to indulge in other activities in their own right. If modernization improved health and education and, after colonialism, ended seclusion, in other areas women’s â€Å"social maneuverability† deteriorated. Hence historical study reveals the condition of many women in specific places and shows that Westernization and modernization did no good to Muslim women in their advancement. The veil is seen as quintessential tradition. Colonialists, missionaries, Orientalists, and secular feminists attacked veiling as a backward tradition, but it is now known that veiling became more widespread in the Middle East after Napoleon’s evasion of Egypt in 1798, and increased during European occupation of the Middle East (1830-1936). So, ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’ are unstable categories. Afshar, who admits to not understanding why women embrace the veil , writes: â€Å"The twentieth century marked the apex of Muslim women’s intellectual engagement with their religion, first to denounce it and to disengage from its gender-specific prescriptions, and then to return to the texts and reclaim their Islamic rights. Faced with this unexpected volte face researches have tended to take embattled positions to attack or defend the faith, and have all too often failed to engage with the realities and the situations in which women have found themselves† . Keddie observes that the women and Islam field is ideologically charged and tense: â€Å"One group denies that Muslim women..are any more oppressed than non-Muslim women or argue that in key respects they have been less oppressed. A second says that oppression is real but extrinsic to Islam; the Qur’an, they say, intended gender equality, but this was undermined by Arabian patriarchy and foreign importations. An opposing group blames Islam for being irrevocably gender in egalitarian. There are also those who adopt intermediate positions, as well as those who tend to avoid these controversies by sticking to monographic or limited studies that do not confront such issues. Some scholars favor shifting emphasis away from Islam to economic and social forces.† In this context, we can say that Muslim women are deprived of many rights but for this it is the Quran to blame or the interpretations of Qur’anic verse by many Scholars and jurists. Local customs and predilections are relevant, perhaps most important for an understanding of women’s actual role and involvement in society. Obviously conceptual views of women’s role and position and role in society do not count for something, and one of the burning questions of the contemporary Muslim scene is to what extent early juristic proscriptions and prescriptions for women’s status and role ought to be the guiding norm for Muslims today. Veiling is liked to an oppressive practice under Taliban regime in Afghanistan of the 1990’s, where women have been denied education, confined to the home, and barred from any role in public life; veiling may be seen as a symbol of women’s oppression in that community. Sonobol, argues that an important methodological problem I the field is with those scholars who accept methodological problem in the field is with those scholars who accept the Qur’an, Hadith, and Sunnah as â€Å"representing the actual as opposed to the normative condition of women.† Her assumption is that the normative position of women can be said to be oppressive, but actual women’s life may not have been, that actual women’s lives may not have been conformed to the description of a constricting official doctrine: â€Å"If anything, social discourse seems to point to apposition quite opposite to what the ‘formal’ discourse present us. This means that the actual lives women led caused reactionary clergymen to interpret laws more conservatively. The ‘looser’ the women, the stricter the interpretation†. Across Islamic history, this is sometimes true. Some Islamic discourses may result in an oppressively patriarchal order, but other Islamic discourses do not. Berktay, a Turkish feminist, criticizes the contextual approach, which seeks to understand Muslim women from their own perspective, for its cultural relativism. She argues following Tabari, â€Å"cultural relativism becomes a banner under which oppression may be made to appear tolerable† . Berktay refers to veiling as an example of the problems of cultural relativism: â€Å"This benevolent cultural relativism on the part of Western feminists sometimes goes far as to extend a rationalization of the segregation of women to accepting and condoning even veiling for the Middle Eastern ‘sisters’: ‘Although universally perceived in the West as an oppressive custom, it [veiling] is not experienced as such by women who habitually wear it’, writes Leila Ahmed. Leaving aside the strength of the argument about the social construction of experience and feelings, and about how misleading it therefore is to claim a special ‘authenticity’ for (only some among) them, one wonders whether Western feminists, who know perfectly well that these practices spring from a theology of the maintenance of so called female purity, would ever accept veiling for themselves- and not as an ‘alternative’ way of life, but as something compulsory, from which there is no possibility of opting out. Warne speaks of the â€Å"unacknowledged Quarantine† that has existed between feminists and religious studies, and suggests it is time o break down the barriers: â€Å"Unfortunately, there is a tendency to consider only [women’s] negative experiences [with religion] as accurate, and all positive ones, by definition as a kind of patriarchally induced false consciousness. Judgments such as these pose serious problems for scholars interested in both women and religion, because work that attempts to be more nuanced is sometimes read as betrayal or as patriarchal co-optation†. VEIL AND THE WEST At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the topic of Islam, fundamentalism, terrorism, extremism and women’s position in Islam is on many people’s minds. The discourse in the popular mind is one of the backwardness, violence and barbarity of Islam, Arabs and Muslims. This makes challenging the Western stereotype that the veil is the symbol of Muslim women’s oppression an uphill battle, all the more in light certain late twentieth century events in the Muslim world: Iran’s imposition of the chador after khomeini’s revolution in 1979; the Taliban’s imposition of the burqa after their accession to power in 1997; and the violence perpetrated by radical groups in the name of Islam in Egypt, Israel, Algeria and the like. Does not all this merely confirm that Islam is violent, intolerant and anti-women? The point is that Muslims are not accorded the same degree of care and precision, there is no recognition of special, localized circumstances that intervene between ‘Islam’ and enactment. US Administration and other western powers do not have anything against Islam and Muslims in general; actually the public rhetoric demonizing Islam is part of the Western maintenance of its global hegemony. The discourse in West is tied to western national interests. US policy in the Middle East is to protect its access to Middle Eastern oil fields and give unconditional support to Israel. Because Islam is perceived as anti-West, the contemporary Islamists movements to install shari’ah law are feared. It is thought that Muslim governments committed to implementing Islamic law will interfere with western interests and may threaten Israel. Hence pro-western, secular governments in the Muslim world are supported, even if they repress their own populace. The veil’s association with the Islamists movement is thus the link between Western power politics and an anti-veil discourse in the west. However, US and Western national interests have dictated foreign policies that are interpreted by most of the Muslim and Arab populace as hypocritical and harmful to their own interests and need: Israel is not bombed for its covert nuclear weapons program; the West remains silent over violations of Muslim’s human rights; and the West supports corrupt governments over democratic movements. MUSLIMS IN THE WEST The need to challenge the negative stereotype of the veil as oppressive is urgent for those Muslims who live in the west. Anecdotal evidence demonstrates that Muslims (male and female are hurt by the negative image of veil and Islam. Several examples are there to support it. In 1995 some Muslim school girls were thrown out of the school in Quebec, Canada, for refusing to remove their scarves. The schools ruled that scarves were an â€Å"ostentatious symbol† akin to a swastika. A teenage girl in Quebec who wore hijab to high school was mortified to see her teacher on television proclaiming, â€Å"Islam degrades women.† â€Å"I started to cry. I could not understand why someone would say something like that,† she told. â€Å"She knows me. She knows what I am like, and that I am not like that. How can she say that?† CAIR (Council on American Islamic Relations) reported in November 1997 that a 13 year old boy was hospitalized after being beaten by two or more teenagers who called him a â€Å"rag head† and â€Å"f—-ing sand n-gger.† Apparently the attack occurred after the father of one of the attackers called the father of the victim a â€Å"rag head† and the â€Å"rag head lover.† Thus the life of these Muslims is miserable in such countries and protective measures must be taken to protect the individual freedom. MUSLIM WOMEN IN FRANCE Muslim women in France are refrained from using face veil. The French law doesn’t allow face veil in France. Many Muslim women condemn the law and also protested against it. But the result was not changed. Instead, according to the law they were to be charged with fines and compensation. They are allowed to use the headscarves but not face veil. The government gives reason that this face veil has lead to the accidents of many ladies who wear it and fail to follow the traffic rules. It keeps them away from the world as due to it they do not see and hear properly. Many feminists say that this religious habit shows the dominance of patriarchal society and women should come up by not accepting it or refusing it. Government has also charged males of the family who impose women of the family to wear it. This law has invoked protest in the Paris where large number of France’s Muslim stay. Thus, many modern Muslims have stopped wearing face veil in the public. But few women are hurt and heartlessly follow it. The government has also asked them to shift to those countries that follow this tradition, instead of living or spending their livelihood in France. MUSLIM WOMEN IN INDIA Muslim women in India have full freedom of choosing their views about veiling. It is totally left upon them about the decision of face veil. In India, where 83 percent of majority is Muslims and Christians, the interests of people (Muslims and Christians) cannot be negated. Our politicians seek vote from these two major communities, that’s why they never undermine their interests. To make a comment upon this is quite tough that ‘Politicians to seek chair (power), ignores the truth’. But, in our topic of discussion this title has no importance, because basically it’s the discussion about ‘Muslim women and the veil’. Indian government has put forth to check that Male of many Muslim family do not threaten/impose their wives and daughters to put face veil without their consent. Thus, the Indian Muslim women enjoy their right in India and are free to choose their likes and wither away their dislikes. THE VEIL In the English language a ‘veil’ is normally â€Å"a piece of usually more or less transparent fabric attached to a woman’s hat, etc, to conceal the face or protect against the sun† This word corresponds to the Arabic niqab , the veil with which women cover their faces. As a word to convey the Islamic notion of hijab it is totally inadequate. It can include covering the face, or not. It includes lowering the gaze with the opposite sex, and applies to men as well, who must lower their gaze and cover from navel to knee. These days, hijab is also the name of the cloth women use as a headscarf for their head coverings and tie or pin at the neck, with their faces showing. Over the centuries and in different places, how a woman covers has varied enormously – what parts are covered, with what kind of material, texture, pattern etc. The terminology has varied also, region to region, of course. The word niqab refers to the face veil that some women attach to their headscarves. CONCLUSION The study of veil is not only about the religious analysis but also about understanding the complexity of issue in the contemporary world. The instructions given in Qur’an about Muslim women to veil were written according to that time. The practice taking place at that time harassed many women of that time. The instructions given were to improve the conditions of those women. But the things are changed now, the Modernization see these things as oppression of women. With the rise of Globalization, people have become advanced and do not believe in religious sentiments of those who still follow their tradition and culture. Some Muslim women are oppressed by the male members of their family and are not able to enjoy certain rights. Those women must come up and must put forward their interests. Religious sentiments should never be undermined as it can lead to uncertainty among various classes of the society. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢RETHINKING MUSLIM WOMEN AND THE VEIL, KATHERINE BULLOCK †¢WOMEN AND GENDER IN ISLAM, AHMED WEBLIOGRAPHY †¢www.iiituk.com †¢www.sultan.org   

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