Environmental and external analysis of Pepsi in UK

Pepsi in UK is an entity of Pepsi International division of Pepsi Inc USA. Pepsi is the worlds 3rd largest snack and beverage company. (Rafey. R et, el). As well Pepsi is the 2nd largest manufacturer of carbonated soft drinks in the world. (Rafey. R et, el). Pepsi in UK is one of the largest operations of Pepsi Inc comparable to Pepsi Mexico.In UK Pepsi Company’s main competitors are local manufacturing companies in food and beverage industry and other retailers. As well it faces competition from international                         Companies like Coke, Cadbury, Schweppes and Kraft etc. (Rafey. R et, el). In UK Pepsi faces sever competition from these companies and the UK market is complex and dynamic in nature.The nature of SWOT analysis and its value in developing Marketing strategies and Marketing Plan.  SWOT analysis means strengths and weaknesses of an entities internal environment in terms of human, technical, organizational, information systems operat ional processes and models management culture and leadership style. It also considers opportunities and threats of its immediate market conditions as well as opportunities arising from the internal organizational strengths and the threats arising from the weaknesses of its internal environment. Also read: Gardenia Bread Pricing StrategyIn addition it also considers opportunities and threats arising from macro environment such as the economic conditions, social factors, demographic factors, ethical and environmental factors, legal and regulatory factors, financial factors such as exchange rate volatility, interest rate and global economic condition and outlook in a global world economy in the 21st century.   This analysis is necessary to develop marketing strategies and plans suitable to each market segment such as positioning,  pricing, promotion, distribution channel decisions, adverting methods decisions and public relations, brand development company image building and the revision of plans on a continuous basis if conditions change in internal and external environment and to change strategies.Strengths of Pepsi in UKPepsi in UK has considerable operations in UK and has developed a reputation of its brand it has the strength to compete with local manufacturers and in ternational competitors. As well it has a flexible distribution channel and a range of products, which are comparable in quality and price as well it has developed marketing plans and strategies in place it has the capacity to compete with the local manufacturers and international competitors. That is Pepsi in UK have competitive strength more than adequate to compete effectively in the UK market which is vital to survive and grow in the future.(Pepsi Inc Annual Report 2005). Pepsi in UK has several product ranges and has developed new products on a continuous basis. It also has a management culture internally to develop new products, which satisfies emerging customer needs. In a market such as UK, which is dynamic in nature it is vital to produce new products and a variety of product lines to compete effectively in such a dynamic market place. There fore Pepsi in UK has the strength of having an innovative management culture and management processes within the company and it is str ength to minimize risks and maximize returns for its shareholders in a socially responsible manner. (Pepsi Inc Annual Report 2005).In addition to the above Pepsi in UK has a state of the art technological infrastructure particularly information system infrastructure which is crucial in making sound decisions and respond to market changes as quickly as possible in a cost conscious manner. This is vital in a market like UK, as the competitors will strive to keep cost down and compete in price and quality in this market. Pepsi in UK has the technological strength comparable to  its competitors. This is a vital strength in a market like UK. (Pepsi Inc Annual Report 2005).Weaknesses of Pepsi UK  As the market is dynamic and unpredictable in terms of changes in consumer tastes, demographic changes and social norms and customs. There fore Pepsi may not be able to anticipate such changes accurately all the time and may loose its customers to its competitors if they are able to capture s uch changes better than Pepsi. That is Pepsi in UK faces competitive risk to considerable extent  Ã‚   There fore if risks are not managed or unmanageable it is a weakness of Pepsi UK in operating in such market conditions. In addition the economic cycles may affect its industry and if Pepsi in UK cannot manage these risks then it may affect its profitability and the potential for growth in the UK market. Economic cycles are unpredictable to some extent and it may not able to predict accurately the economic cycles and its operations are exposed to these market risks, which are uncontrollable, completely by Pepsi in UK and it is a weakness of Pepsi in UK.Opportunities of Pepsi in UK  In UK market Pepsi has an opportunity to develop new products because the UK market is dynamic in its nature its consumers have considerable purchasing power as UK is a developed industrial country.   It has a stable economic and financial system. In addition the market is diverse and Pepsi can fin d niche markets where competition is not severe and can introduce new products and market existing products to these profitable market segments. As UK has an advanced communication and information technology infrastructure Pepsi can use information technology and e-commerce models to increase its growth potentials and build flexible distribution channels and businesses alliances to increase efficiency of operations and reduce costs.There fore it have an opportunity to  have a competitive cost structure and comparable profit margin of its core business and enable to have a competitive price in different market segments and appropriate quality comparable to its competitors. The technological feasibility and using technology is an opportunity for Pepsi UK to improve its efficiency in operations and improve profitability and have a competitive edge in UK markets is a definite opportunity for Pepsi in UK.Threats of Pepsi in UK  Pepsi in UK faces many economic threats and risk factors . They are future economic outlook in terms future economic growth, inflation and unemployment and exchange rate, and interest rate. These are difficult to predict and these factors affect the consumer disposable income and there fore affects demand for the goods and services of Pepsi in UK. Some of these factors are volatile such as exchange rates and interest rats and inflation. These are definitely a major threat or risk to its operations in UK for Pepsi in UK. The other threats are unpredictable consumer taste changes, degree of competition in UK, legal and regulatory changes in health and safety, employment law, environmental laws, which may add to the cost to Pepsi’s operations and adversely affects its profitability.In addition in a global economic environment the UK economy will be affected by shocks of economic political problems in other countries as it affect the trade and capital flows and there fore global factors and outlook in economic growth and social and pol itical factors may indirectly affect Pepsi’s profitability as these factors affect the UK economy and may indirectly affect Pepsi’s profitability if these factors negatively affect the UK economy in general.Conclusion  As discussed above Pepsi in UK has strength to survive and grow in the UK market if it can manage the risks and reduce its weaknesses and act in the UK market in a socially responsible manner. However some risk cannot be reduced and it must not operate in  such market segments depending on the degree of competition and the future growth potential as well as its strength of its cost structure and price and quality and its capacity to counteract the marketing strategies of its competitors. It has the potential to develop niche markets in UK particularly evaluating the profitability of these segments and entering in to these segments early before the competitors enter. In addition it can also introduce healthy new products by identifying customer emergi ng needs and supplying it by developing a flexible distribution channel and leverage technology to reduce cost of operations and there by increasing profit margin.It must also have a risk management system to minimize risk as these markets pose considerable risk to its operations. Pepsi in UK has such systems and they have the potential to some degree minimize some of the threats and have the capacity to reduce some weaknesses in its organizational processes and operational planning and control mechanisms. Analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats Pepsi in UK can develop marketing strategies and plans to identify niche markets which are profitable, Use information technology to improve its distribution channel efficiency and use it to identify customer needs, use effective public relations to boost the company image as a socially responsible company.Assess risk factors and enter into market segments where it has less risks and more return or capacity to manage r isks, Use appropriate pricing, adverting and promotions to each market segments to boost sales in a cost effective manner. Introduce new products in to profitable market segments on a continuous basis-satisfying customer emerging needs accurately as possible. Revise and monitor marketing plans and changing strategies if conditions change on a regular basis. By adopting these marketing strategies and plans Pepsi in UK can survive and grow in UK in the short to medium term.BibliographyBauerschmidt, A   & Bloodgood, J.M.2002, ‘Competitive Analysis: Do Managers Accurately Compare Their Firms to Competitors?’, Journal of managerial Issues 14, 4,   March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001904195  Diversity: Programs Become Valuable Tools for Increased Profitability 1998, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001407649 Kay, J.A.1995, ‘Foundations of Corporate Success: How Business Strategies Add Valueâ€℠¢, Oxford University Press, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=29059159Mccall, J. B & Stone, M.A. 2004,   ‘International Strategic Marketing: A[N] European Perspective’, Routledge, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107561930Moss, M.R. 2000, ‘Mapping out Your Firm's Success’, Black Enterprise 30, 8, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001170134PEPSICO 2005, March 14, 2007 Available at: http://www.pepsico.com/PEP_Investors/AnnualReports/05/Pepsi2005Annual.pdf  Rafey, R et, el. ‘ PEPSI CO (PEP)’, March 14, 2007Available at: www.yorkinvestmentclub.com/slides/pepsi.pptShapira, P. 1998, ‘Extending Manufacturing Extension†, Issues in Science and Technology, 14, 3, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001335408Swot Analysis Will Do the World of Good; Business Quiz 2006, Liverpool Echo, March 14, 2007, Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5017750581Turner, M.F. 2001, ‘How Does Your Company Measure Up?’, Black Enterprise   32, 4, March 14, 2007 Available at: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000894763

Anthem for Doomed Youth

Choose a poem in which you feel there is a significant moment which reveals the central idea of the poem; show how the poet achieves this in an effective way. ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth' by Wilfred Owen is a poem in which a significant moment reveals the central idea of the poem. The poet achieves this through many poetic techniques such as depersonalisation and alliteration. The first hint of content of the poem comes in the title, the paradox of ‘Doomed Youth' implies that it will not be a happy poem but the first line is significant as the central idea of the poem is revealed. â€Å"What passing bells for those who die as cattle?† The rhetorical question at the very beginning of the poem draws the reader in making them think fully about the ideas carried on through the rest of the poem. From the very start we are aware that the people who are dying are not considered important as the writer refers to the people as ‘those'. Also the depersonalisation as he calls them ‘cattle' implies that they were thought to be no more than animals. They also lose their own personal identities. ‘Cattle' also implies that the men do not have voices and needs that anyone else – anyone human – can understand. As a reader I feel that opening the poem with a rhetorical question is very effective. However in the second line of the poem Owen personifies the guns – ‘monstrous anger' – showing that the guns are worth more and have a louder voice than the men who are dying, which links to the first line as the men were depersonalised. Also Owen uses the word ‘stuttering' to describe the rifles which could imply that the soldiers are young and nervous referring to ‘youth' in the title. The reader feels sympathetic towards the young soldiers. Again Owen implies that the soldiers are not seen as individuals by the use of ‘Can patter out their hasty orisons'. By using the word ‘their' Owen shows how the soldiers were grouped together. This idea is carried on to the next line with ‘No mockeries for them' as he refers to the men as ‘them.' The idea of ‘mockeries,' ‘prayers', ‘bells' and ‘mourning' all are associated with death and funerals, but the repeated use of ‘No' tells us that no one respected the soldiers enough for a proper burial, it could also imply too many of the soldiers were dying. This also relates to the question at the beginning of the poem. The reader feels angry that the soldiers are not respected in their deaths. Although the second stanza starts the same way as the first stanza – with a rhetorical question – the ideas suggested are different. â€Å"What candle may be held to speed them all?† Unlike the first rhetorical question this implies that there is not anything good or big enough to show respect to all the soldiers who died in the war. This rhetorical question also links the first and second stanzas together as they both start the same way. Also death is portrayed in a more positive light, as the people at home respect the soldiers. This is shown by the ‘holy glimmers of goodbyes' by the use of the word ‘holy' the poet shows the reader that the soldiers were respected greatly. Owen also implies that only in death with the torture of war end which makes the reader feel sympathy for the soldiers and anger for the pointless destruction that war causes. In contrast to the treatment of the soldiers in the first stanza the writer tells the reader that the soldiers will be missed as he says about the women at home: â€Å"the pallor of girls' brows shall be their pall;† This shows that they were worried about their husbands, brothers and sons. This is carried through the next line when Owen tells the reader ‘their flowers the tenderness of patient minds' showing that the war is not only affecting the soldiers but their loved ones who are left behind. This makes the reader sympathetic towards the soldiers and their family and friends. The idea of respect is carried on in the last line as the alliteration of ‘And each slow dusk a drawing down of blinds.' slows down the pace of the words and ‘drawing down of blinds' symbolises the end of another soldiers life as drawing down blinds was a mark of respect when someone died. ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth' by Wilfred Owen is a poem in which a significant moment reveals the central idea of the poem. Through many poetic techniques such as word choice, alliteration and personification the writer effectively creates a moment which the central idea is revealed. Anthem For Doomed Youth Throughout this poem there is a theme of mourning and funeral. In the first stanza it is almost sarcastic with instruments of war conducting a service on the battlefield for their victims. The guns become ‘passing-bells' and shells become ‘demented choirs'. The second stanza takes us back home where the true mourners are. The poet speaks of how ‘the holy glimmers of goodbyes' will shine in the eyes of boys instead of their hands and how ‘the pallor of girls' brows' being the ‘pall' of the dead. The last two lines, for me carry the greatest effect and meaning: ‘Their flowers the tenderness of patient minds, And each slow dusk a drawing-down of blinds' The first is about the disappointment of people who have worried and waited for a long time and whose pain can only be expressed in small gestures or things such as flowers. The second could be interpreted in many different ways. It could be referring to the custom of drawing down of blinds but it could also be about the end of a life and hope leaving as reality settles. These two lines also delineate the pointlessness of hoping as the dead were ‘doomed' and predestined for slaughter in the way that ‘cattle' are in the first place. ‘Anthem For Doomed Youth' is structured like a sonnet and has a very strong rhyme which never appears to be forced and does not interrupt the meaning of the poetry. Indeed, most things about the structure and choice of language appear to be unforced as they are so well incorporated with one another and only after the second reading does one realise how carefully thought out they are. In the first stanza, there is a large use of onomatopoeia: ‘stuttering', ‘rattle', ‘patter', ‘wailing'. This has the effect of bringing the reader to the battlefield. Wilfred Owen has personified the warfare and made the rifles ‘stutter' and the shells ‘wail'. He has also made them come to life; guns cannot be angry and neither can shells be ‘mourning'. This forms an image in the first stanza that is slightly ‘demented' and disturbing. He often repeats vowel sounds and uses alliteration throughout the poem. In ‘the stuttering rifles' rapid rattle' the ‘a' sound is repeated along with the alliteration of the ‘t's. The words of the poem are cleverly chosen to heighten the expression of the poem in the way it is read. For instance, in the quotation about the rifles above, the alliteration he has chosen to make makes the sound interrupted and quickens the pace. This also reminds of the panic and rushing of war. In the final lines the words are not ones that can be said quickly: ‘flowers', ‘patient', ‘minds', ‘slow', ‘blinds'. This dramatically slows the pace of reading and makes them more expressive because it makes the reader think that the poem also dies with the soldiers or the hopes for the soldiers' lives. What is interesting is that there are no phrases that bind this poem to the First World War. Of course, it was written about it, but if given to a reader who did not know about Wilfred Owen or his works, they could think it was about any or all wars after the invention of the rifle. The poem does not mention trenches or gas. ‘These who die as cattle' are not necessarily British, neither are they necessarily of any side in war; they are the collective dead. ‘The guns' are not our guns or their guns. In the preface for a book of poems he intended to publish, Wilfred Owen wrote ‘My Subject is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity.' ‘Anthem for Doomed Youth' is unique in that the pity is not only for the soldiers of the First World War, but also for those who suffered the loss of people they loved. It can be raised to a universal level where it comments on the shame and futility of all wars. In his other poetry, there is often blame involved but in this poem he evokes an air of sadness and waste only. There is genius behind the phrasing of it, but it is almost hidden because of its perfection.

Statement of Purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Of Purpose - Personal Statement Example egree from a university in the United States of America would be a better chance for me to have more exposure, not just academically but also in other aspects of life. I therefore intend to use my master’s program scholarship that I have gotten from the government in the US as opposed to in Saudi Arabia. Following that, I have a curious interest in a number of universities in the United States where I can take up my master’s degree program and after much Endeavour, I have settles for the university of (insert university here). I believe the University of (Insert University here) has the resources I need, right from a dedicated faculty to a vibrant student community. This is why I would be so pleasured to get a position in this university to complete my master’s degree. I am therefore humbly applying and hoping to get a positive feedback as I embark to further my studies in this discipline that that has been my first love in academics. I also believe that I will not only be gaining from the university but will also be a worthwhile and useful addition to the student community. I am a vibrant student and I fully believe that education is not only about books, but goes beyond just studying. I believe education is less useful if one cannot be part of a social system that utilizes this education. In this respect, I always engage in more than education and I believe my coordination skills and intuition will be found useful by my fellow students as well as the faculty as and the university at large. I believe that getting an opportunity to study in the University of (Insert University here) will help me to not only explore and expand my academic talent but will also help me to use my other talents for the good of the university. This is because I believe that learning is as much a process of teaching and I hope to help undergraduate students to become better students. Studying in the University Of Tabuk gave me some useful experience that I believe will be good for

Critical theory, philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Critical theory, philosophy - Essay Example that part of a person’s imagination which is justified through the knowledge he or she garners via various life experiences like reading, interaction as well as seeing and hearing. This understanding is a part of one’s overall perspective and subsequent take on life. Therefore, this book is an important one as human understanding is deeply connected with the written word and the way it has been written. If those words, whether in a philosophical text or otherwise, manage to justify an individual’s personal truth, or appeal to his or her sense of balance in life, then it contributes to his or her understanding. In this way, the choice of Locke’s text is an important one for this paper. Locke’s text starts with a study of innate notions. This portion of the book is a study of the elements that lead to speculation and a subsequent formation of perspective. Throughout this part, Locke has managed to hook the reader on to the idea that speculation is an element that must be used in very discreet doses as more of it can damage the practical side of things in one’s mind. (Locke, 2007) As a philosophical notion, this is an ideal that is true to writing. In writing, it is imperative to stick to a certain balance between factual information and a small amount of speculation. This holds on to people’s imagination and memories. Therefore, in this part of the book, Locke has merely described a style of writing. Further into the book, one will find ideals that are connected with principles in the mind. The mind is an organ that churns out thoughts and expressions of the same. These expressions are a part of the basic mental setup of the person concerned. While every individual does not need to be a writer, it has been said often that there is a book in everybody. This is largely an overthrow of the fact that literary skills have been highly respected in many people. It is a desirable quality. This quality, in turn, springs from an ability to form a successful

How Aggressive cartoons effect on children's behavior Annotated Bibliography

How Aggressive cartoons effect on children's behavior - Annotated Bibliography Example According to the people who are of the opinion that cartoon violence is very similar as most of the time harm is inflicted upon some of the characters. In a research carried out by Kirsch it was established that among both the adults and children long exposure to media violence has contributed to an increase of antisocial behavior. According to the article, a research carried out by The Kaiser Family Foundation in 2006 established that about 68% of all the parents involved in the research reported that they have seen their children imitate some of the behaviors that they have seen on television. About 24% of the imitated behaviors were deemed as violent. Generally the article is of the view that violence in cartons is meant for comic entertainment and that it does not in any way responsible for the antisocial behavior among the children. The article is of the opinion that cartoons are merely meant to entertain chidren. According to the authors of this article, some of the experiments have been undertaken to find out if the violence that children see in cartoons is responsible for triggering some aggressive behavior among the children. According to the article it is still very unclear how children interpret media violence, and even how very early exposure to fantasy violence affects the mental modes of aggression in children. The article takes a deeper look at two related issue in terms of media violence effects on children. The first is exposure of children to violence and the effect it has on children. The second is finding out if the characteristics of violent cartoons affect children mental modes aggression. According to the article a research carried out was able to establish that children recalled having seen some sort of violence in selected carton stimuli that did not have any violent scenes. In that aspect the research

Organisational Strategy & Decision Making Essay

Organisational Strategy & Decision Making - Essay Example Marketing efforts is a dynamic concept and demand company to regularly monitor and assess marketing capabilities. The assessment of the strategic and marketing position is done with the help of strategic tools and techniques like Ansoff’s matrix and Porter generic competitive strategies. The recommended strategic actions are also provided in accordance with the strategic analysis done with the help of above mentioned tools and techniques. 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Introduction Starbucks Corporation, a global and reputed American coffee company engages in the selling of coffee, hot and cold drinks, other beverages and items such as cups, tumblers, and mugs. The coffee products of the company hold big image and reputation across the world with the market capitalisation of $40 billion and with the sales of 1.2 billion pounds (Starbucks Jumps as Profit Increases on U.S. Sales Gain 2012). Starbucks Corporation functions on the basis of mission statement-‘to inspire and nurture the human spirit, one cup and one neighbourhood at a time’ (Starbucks Corporation 2012). The company is dedicated towards sourcing finest quality coffee beans in order to deliver enriched quality coffee to its customers and known for their genuine service, pleasing atmosphere, and superior quality. The underlying essay aims at analysing and reviewing strategic position of the company in order to determine its strategic position. Internal and external audit has also been performed in order to gain idea about the internal and external environment of the company. Analysis of strategic position helps in outlining appropriate strategic action that should be adopted by the company in coming period. Internal and external audit Internal and external audit analysis of the business organisations are performed with the purpose of gaining idea about their existing capabilities and limitations. Business plans and strategies are formulated in light of assessed capabilities and limitations. In this regard, tool named SWOT analysis has been used in order to gain idea about their existing strategic capabilities. SWOT analysis represents strength, weakness, opportunities and threats. Strength and weakness analysis will represent internal audit for company while opportunities and threats will provide external audit of the company. Internal audit The most apparent strength for the company is strong brand image and identity of the company in the coffee business. Starbucks owns an impeccable and recognisable brand image in the coffee business. The strong brand image and identity facilitate the company to gain strong foothold and enters new markets across the globe. The company owns deep product portfolio with distinct features like Gourmet Coffee, regular drip coffee, Frappuccino blended coffee, and many more. The deep product portfolio enables the company to target wide customer base and delivering enriched purchase experience. The product quality and excellent customer service complements and support the existing brand image of the company (Starbucks raises 2013 forecast, defies industry trend 2012). The regular and active involvement of company in environmental and ethical practices acts as another strength for Starbucks. Eco-friendly practices related to energy conservation, climate controlling and maintenance are some of such eco-friendly practi

You have been appointed as a Marketing Consultant. In this role you Assignment

You have been appointed as a Marketing Consultant. In this role you are required to prepare a three-year marketing plan for Bonobos in the U.K market - Assignment Example But according to Dunn there was a gap for the fashion companies which took inputs but created something which a consumer can never do on its own. Thus the company to fill this gap established community driven platform where the customers through social media, purchase behaviour and commentary would affect the offerings made by the company. Eventually the company’s goal evolved from merely solving men pant problem to solving men shopping problem. Bonobos.com also provides access to products which are mad locally but lacked an optimal distribution and promotions; these items were termed as ‘Stuff’ which included belts, shoes and accessories. Bonobos used social media sites to promote its products which proved to a success for the company. These communities enabled Bonobos to markets its products and sell them without investing any dollar in traditional form of promotional techniques. Bonobos used Twitter, Facebook and the company’s blog to promote and gather inputs from the customers. In the first year of its business the company earned net revenue of $1.6million selling almost 30,000 pairs of pants. By 2009, Bonobos introduced trousers at a low price and Dunn expected the company to finish between $3.5millions to $4.5millions (Kinsey, 2009). Internal Environment refers to the internal factors of a business which are generally controlled by the business itself. It refers to the environment that exists within the organisation. The internal environment includes objectives of the organisation, its managerial policies, different departments of the company, the employees and the management of the organisation, brand image as well as corporate image, relationship between labour and management, physical resources which includes infrastructure, vision of the top level management, research and development of the organisation, and the working conditions of the organisation. Human resource an important component of the internal environment is largely

Hofstede Cultural Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hofstede Cultural Theory - Essay Example This is the way the top management treat their subordinates in the work place. The inequality treatment of the employees by the management creates a rift between the top management and low ranked employees. Employees are the source of ideas which might make the organization to be more competitive or avoid some risks and uncertainties that may face the organization. Power distance therefore, creates consultation barriers in case the employees have issues that they want to raise to the top management. The decisions are therefore, made by the top management without incorporating the decisions of the low ranked employees and this might bring about resistance in implementation of the proposal. Power distance can be overcome through open offices where employees are free to consult the top management on a certain issue that is of great concern to them. Team work can on the other hand, bring management closer to the employees as it is easier for employees to elect their leader who will take their grievances to the top management (Khastar et al, 2011, p.321) Collectivism is how people in a society or group in an organization feel as belonging to a group. On the other hand individualism is an aspect where each person acts as a single body without involving others. Top managements are prone to this culture where they exclude other people in the organization and act individually without the involvement of other members who also plays an important role in the success of the organization. This aspect demoralizes the other members of the society who feel left out in running the activities of the organization (Khastar et al, 2011). Masculinity versus feminity is a culture that treats different members depending on their sex. Top leaders create up gender disparities in awarding of chores in the organization. This aspect makes one gender to feel less respected an aspect that have an effect on their overall performance of the minority gender (Khastar et al, 2011, p.321). Lastly, uncertainty avoidance is how the organization is structured to deal with future risks. A culture of team work is one strategy that organization uses in order to come up with ways of fighting risks and uncertainties. Team work comes up with strategies and ideas which are important in shielding the organization from any risks that might occur in the future. Organization avoids uncertainty through insuring their employees and organizational structures against any risks. This gives the employees morale to work harder as they are certain about their future (Khastar et al, 2011, p.321) Hofstede theory has brought changes in the organization through bringing gender balance in the organization. Many organizations have eradicated any practices that could bring gender imbalance. Some of these practices start direct from advertising the vacancies in the organization. The organizations have also ensured that the advertisements are gender neutral so as to give all interested applicants an opport unity to try their luck. In the interview level, questions that are asked by the panel are neutral so as not to discourage the minority gender. Countries have also adapted to the cultural model through putting up strategies to ensure that all genders are well represented in the organizations and institutions (Khastar et al, 2

Critical point Essay Example for Free

Critical point Essay Furthermore, its peculiar characteristics were also likened and even attributed to the psychological condition known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), because it assumes and behaves in two distinct phases, occurring as a high-density liquid or as a low-density liquid which was then normally thought to be quite impossible theoretically. The idea that water remains in liquid form even if it is in its super-cooled state when subjected to temperatures well below its ordinary freezing point (Introduction section, para.3-4), can then have a strong memory recall. Finally, simile was also used in the discussion of the â€Å"critical point. † A â€Å"critical point† was defined as the â€Å"set of pressures and temperatures at which a liquid changes from one form to the other† (Terms of Confinement section, para. 17). The critical point of water, or any other substance for that matter, was compared to the summit of the Mount Everest that â€Å"rises in a gradual manner and distorts the terrain all around it (Gaidos as cited in Stanley, Just a Phase section, para.6-8). † The interplay of logos and pathos, from which the blueprint of the author’s ideas was contained, was explored further in the way the article was outlined. It was divided into five parts, and with the exemption of the introductory paragraphs, contained four subheadings. The general idea was developed first before setting out to a detailed discussion. The title was catchy, as well as the subheadings and used colloquial speech to acquaint the readers to concepts that may be unfamiliar to them. This functioned as an expedient for logical arrangement, but more importantly, it meant to capture and retain the reader’s attention. The subheadings seemed to serve as an advertising ploy, operating on the stratagem of bite-sized packaging, to give the reader an impression of venturing in an uncomplicated, easy reading. For what could be the purpose of a piece of writing that supersedes the aim to persuade, inform or entertain other than to keep the reader reading. Persuasion, information, and entertainment work best when and if the author manages to contain the reader, from the first to the last paragraph of his/her work. In the course of the exposition, however, the use of scientific jargon and a technical writing style was more or less retained. The introductory paragraphs provided an overview of the article and the author began by discussing the properties of water, explaining how its molecules behave and how growing evidence reveal peculiarities in its nature. The succeeding paragraphs under the different subheadings elaborated on these matters citing the statements made and the experiments performed by noted physicists and scientists. In the last subheading, the article drew emphasis on the practical benefits posed by the integrated findings and hinted at exposing another set of data in the future that would add up to already established yet still growing collection of evidences. The shift allowed the article to maintain a credible tone and avoid appearing watered-down or downgrading to oversimplification. It was an effective synthesis of technical and informal language in journalistic writing, which proved useful in the sense that balance was made possible to be achieved in the logos and pathos aspects of the writing. The author was able to anticipate the needs of its targeted audience by giving them accessible grasp to scientific information, whereas not falling short on educating on a considerably theoretical viewpoint. Taken as a whole, to those who are rational enough to acknowledge that these discoveries were just products of scientific inquiry, this article might be seen on a neutral ground. The article was, for the most part, informative and there was no significant amount of persuasion leaning to any kind of ideology involved. It would leave the reader to extract any implication it might set forth during and after the course of reading and therefore enabling the reader to think for his own. Whatever the case may be, the author of the article cannot have the power to dictate how the readers may think, however unbiased or unprejudiced she may be in presenting the article. It is inherent in the topic itself to stir up ideologies, whether they are complementary or conflicting. On one hand, the facts that were cited in the article concerning the importance of the so-called weirdness of water in the environment and the ecosystem, even though, it may not be the similar case for everyone, might implicitly induce a real life pondering of thoughts among those who believe in why and how the water was created as such by their own notion of the Creator. This may have the capacity to strengthen people’s beliefs into considering that everything is really in the proper alignment and that everything is working perfectly however peculiar some things behave in the lens of scientific investigation. When a belief or even just an extension of that belief was affirmed by, in this case, research or scientific evidence, the tendency of the reader who in this sense is also the believer is to embrace that new piece of information and even so, when this information was delivered using simple words in a logical manner. On the other side of the coin, the emphasis the author placed pertaining to conducting further experimentations and intensive laboratory researches in the latter part of the article might also be alarming to some who might see it as man’s way taking control over nature and playing the role of a god. References: Gaidos, Susan (2008). Supercool, and Strange. In Science News Online. Retrieved January 26, 2008, from http://www. sciencenews. org/articles/20080126/bob9. asp

Macbeth Motifs Essay Example for Free

Macbeth Motifs Essay When it comes down to it, humans are mammals, and there are some animalistic traits that every mammal shares. The story of Macbeth by Shakespeare includes a theme that is the epitome of a trait that all mammals share, weak versus strong. Through the use of metaphors including birds, the symbolism of Macbeth as an owl throughout the story, and the juxtaposition between birds, weak versus strong is represented by the motif of birds in Macbeth. Birds are incorporated into other literary elements that Shakespeare utilizes, showing the true depth of his writing. Metaphors allow the reader to paint a picture of written words referencing images that they are familiar with. Like any other animal, there is a hierarchy of strength and therefore power for birds. The metaphors that Shakespeare incorporates into Macbeth including birds allow the reader to reference their experience with strong birds fighting to create an image of what the humans in the story might have been fighting like. A captain describes how valiantly Macbeth fought in the battles in the beginning of the story, saying that he was â€Å"as sparrows eagles†, which paints a picture of a valiant and strong eagle fighting a small, meek sparrow (1.2.35-42). However, later in the story, when Macbeth’s position shifts and he is no longer perceived as a noble soldier but rather as a tyrannical ruler preying on those he controls, birds are used in a metaphor again to illustrate a changed image of Macbeth. â€Å"A falcon, tow’ring in her pride of place,† representing honor and innocence, â€Å"was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed,† illustrating an evil bird using its strength to overpower and kill an innocent bird (2.4.11-14).Sometimes, a reader does not glean the true meaning of an object in a story until after it has been illustrated throughout the entirety of the work of literature. Throughout the uses of birds in Macbeth, including the imagery and metaphors, a pattern occurs where a powerful owl is preying on weaker birds, and by the end of the story the reader comes to realize that the owl is a representation of Macbeth and the acts he is committing. The owl referenced during the murder of Duncan, is described as an â€Å"obscure bird† that â€Å"clamored the livelong night† as he â€Å"heard i’ th’ air, strange screams of death† (2.3.49-56). The owl in this scene is a symbol for Macbeth discovering what he is capable of, and what new powers he receives when he utilizes his newfound strength against others. One example of how he uses his recent strength was when he decided to have everyone in Macduff’s castle unnecessarily murdered. In this scene Lady Macduff is expressing her anger toward her husband, but also reveals characteristics of Macbeth when she states that her husband is not equal to â€Å"the most diminutive of birds,† which â€Å"will fight, her young ones in her nest, against the owl† (4.2.6-14). Macbeth being represented by the owl in this context depicts him as a villain that is so hungry for control that he will go to such extremes as to attack a weak, defenseless bird and it’s young. Sometimes it is equally as important to illustrate the weak side of a relationship as the strong side because then the contrast between the weak and the strong is magnified for the reader. In Macbeth, Shakespeare utilizes this juxtaposition to make the theme of strong versus weak even more apparent by inserting some descriptions of birds that appear weak to make the acts done by the stronger birds even more horrific. The day before Duncan’s murder where a powerful, evil owl was present, Banquo and Duncan comment on the sweet, innocent birds at Macbeth’s castle, â€Å"this guest of summer, the temple-haunting martlet, does approve†¦that the heaven’s breath smells wooingly here† this illustrates their vulnerability and unawareness to the upcoming strike by Macbeth, making his actions seem even worse. When Lady Macduff tells her son that â€Å"thou’dst never fear the net nor lime, the pitfall nor the gin,† he responds with a question of why he should because â€Å"poor birds they are not set for†, meaning that because he would be such a weak bird, hunters would have no want for him (4.2.36-37). Just after making this point, the defenseless son of Macduff is murdered by the king Macbeth, making the reader question what kind of tyrant Macbeth has come to be. The use of birds in Macbeth by Shakespeare is used to develop the theme of weak versus strong when they are used in metaphors, when Macbeth is represented by a bird throughout the story, and by the juxtaposition of the weak and strong birds. The acts committed by the characters aroused emotions in the audience because they were not so unrealistic that the audience could not relate to them, they represented the mammal in humans, the animal inside of all of us that we attempt to constrain. Birds are essential to create this unsettling feeling because their rustic, animal-like nature is no unlike the animalistic traits we try to hide, which allows the reader or audience to relate with the motif.

Understanding Of How The Counselling Works Sociology Essay

Understanding Of How The Counselling Works Sociology Essay Counselling has been defined by the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP, 2009) as talking therapy, which involves a contractual arrangement between the therapist and the client where they meet, in privacy and confidence, to explore a difficulty or distress the client may be experiencing (p. 1). It works through the development of a therapeutic relationship whereby the counsellor actively and attentively listens to the client in order to gain insight and understanding into the difficulties the client is confronted with, from the clients perspective. Using different techniques, the counsellor can try to help the client to work through these difficulties, to understand them, and to solve them or accept them, depending on what the difficulties are. Importantly, counselling does not work by the provision of advice or direction; instead, the counsellor helps the client to gain mastery in directing their own lives. The two counselling approaches discussed within this essay are person-centred counselling and cognitive-behavioural therapy. The theory underlying these approaches will be outlined, followed by examples of techniques used, and evidence of efficacy. Person-centred counselling, also known as client-centred or Rogerian counselling, is a humanistic approach to counselling founded by Carl Rogers in the 1950s (Rogers, 1951). The approach is based on the assumption that human beings are experts of themselves and that they have access to their own innate expert resources of self-understanding and self-direction. The role of the counsellor is thus to provide a facilitative environment and relationship for the client to find these resources within themselves. In order to provide this facilitative environment and relationship, the counsellor basis their interactions with the client on three key principles: 1) They are congruent (genuine) with the client, which can involve the counsellor showing their own human traits through appropriate and well-timed personal disclosure. This contrasts many other approaches to counselling, which tend to promote a more formal relationship between counsellor and client. 2) They provide unconditional positive regard, even if a client divulges something that the counsellor disagrees with; the counsellor remains accepting and caring of the client. Rogers believed this was important for clients to grow and reach their full potential. 3) They express  empathy (the ability to understand what the client is feeling) and  understanding towards the client. By providing empathy, the clients feelings are validated, which can be an important part of moving through and beyond those feelings. These three key principles demonstrate how the primary focus in person-centred counselling is the relationship between the counsellor and client. The person-centred counsellor seeks to establish a trusting relationship with the client in whom the client can gradually confront anxieties, confusion and other negative emotions. Central to person-centred counselling is the notion of self-concept, which refers to the perceptions and beliefs the client holds about themselves. The self-concept is influenced by an individuals experience of the world and comprises three components: Self-worth (self-esteem) thoughts about the self, which develop in early childhood and from experiences with parents or guardians. Self-image perceptions of the self, including body image, which can influence personality. Ideal self the self a person would like to be, including goals and ambitions. The  self-concept  is not necessarily consistent with how others view the client, as is the case in people with low self-esteem or conditions such as body dysmorphic disorder (characterised by perceived defects in physical appearance). Rogers based person-centred counselling the assumption that all human beings are seeking a positive self-concept (self-actualisation). It is this innate motivation towards self-fulfilment that is nurtured during person-centred counselling, with the emphasis again being on the clients own resources. Rogers has been criticised for having an overly optimistic view of human beings (Chantler, 2004), as well as focusing too much on a clients ideal self without considering whether this ideal self is realistic (Wilkins, 2003). However, despite this criticism, there is strong evidence supporting the efficacy of the person-centred approach, including a UK-based meta-analysis of scientific studies (Elliot and Freire, 2008). This meta-analysis demonstrated large pre- and post- changes in therapeutic outcomes that were maintained in the long-term. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) was founded in the 1960s by Aaron Beck when he observed that during counselling sessions, his clients tended to have an internal dialogue that was often negative and self-defeating. Furthermore, this internal dialogue was observed to influence behaviour. This led to the hypothesis that changing these internal dialogues would lead to changes in behaviour. Thus, CBT focuses on the thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes held by the client and how these relate to the clients behaviour or way of dealing with emotional problems. CBT takes a problem-solving approach to counselling, where the client and counsellor work collaboratively to understand problems and to develop strategies for tackling them. Clients are taught by counsellors, through guidance and modelling, a new set of skills that they can utilise when confronted with a particular problem. These skills are often focused on reframing negative self-talk in an effort to change ones interpretation of the problem. An event is not necessarily the problem, but more so the individuals interpretation of the event. CBT focuses on the present rather than the past, but does examine how self-defeating thinking patterns might have been formed in early childhood and the impact patterns of thinking might have on how the world is interpreted in the present, as an adult. These patterns of thinking can then be challenged by the counsellor and altered to fit the present. Taking a problem-solving approach means that CBT can offer effective outcomes in relatively short periods of time, most often 3-6 months. As an example, interpersonal psychotherapy for eating disorders has been found to take 8-12 weeks longer than CBT in order to achieve comparable outcomes (Agras et al., 2000). This is an obvious advantage the CBT approach has over other forms of counselling, making it a popular technique and the leading treatment for some mental health issues, such as bulimia (Wilson, Grilo, and Vitousek, 2007). The technique has even been incorporated into health interventions designed to assist overweight and obese individuals in losing weight (Wylie-Rosett et al., 2001) and to facilitate smoking cessation initiatives (Sussman, Ping, and Dent, 2006). CBT differs from other counselling approaches in that sessions have a structure, rather than the person talking freely about whatever comes to mind. At the beginning of counselling, the client meets the counsellor so that they can collaboratively set therapeutic goals to work towards. These goals then become the basis for planning the content of sessions as well as for assigning homework between sessions. The reason for having this structure is that it helps to use the therapeutic time efficiently and ensures that important information is not overlooked. Homework between sessions enables the client to practice and gain mastery in new skills with the opportunity to discuss any problems encountered in the next session. The counsellor takes a more active role at the beginning of counselling and as skills are mastered and the client grasps the principles they find helpful, the client is encouraged to take more responsibility for the content of sessions. The aim is that when the therapeut ic relationship comes to an end, the client is sufficiently empowered to continue working  independently. CBT also differs from other approaches in the nature of the relationship between counsellor and client. Some counselling approaches encourage the client to depend on the counsellor, as part of the treatment process, in an effort to build trust. CBT favours a more equal relationship that is more formal, problem-focused and practical. Such a relationship has been coined by Beck as collaborative empiricism, which emphasises the importance of client and counsellor working together to test out how the ideas behind CBT might apply to the clients individual circumstances (Beck, et al., 1979, Chap. 3). As demonstrated, patient-centred counselling and CBT are very different approaches to counselling, both in terms of structure and the role of the counsellor. In terms of preference, it could be argued that both are valuable, effective approaches to counselling. Evidence shows that they both work and thus preference would be better decided with consideration of the client and their individual needs. Whilst person-centred counselling might be preferable for a client with trust issues or who requires extensive examination of past trauma, CBT might be preferable for someone with an immediate problem or phobia to solve or someone whose problems are primarily governed by negative self-talk. Since CBT works with cognitions and behaviour and person-centred counselling works more with affect and emotion, their application needs to be based on individual context. Agras, W.S., et al., 2000. A multicentre comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, pp.459-466. Beck, A. T., et al., (1979).  Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press. British Association of Counselling Psychotherapy 2009. Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling Psychotherapy. Available from: http://www.bacp.co.uk [cited 09 January 2010]. Chantler, K., 2004. Double-edged sword: power and person-centred counselling. In Moodley, R., Lago, C., and Talahite, A. eds. Carl Rogers counsels a black client. Herefordshire: PCCS Books. Coren, A., 2001. Short- Term Psychotherapy: A Psychodynamic Approach. Palgrave Publishers Ltd. Elliott, R. and Freire, B., 2008. Person-Centred Experiential Therapies Are Highly Effective: Summary of the 2008 Meta-analysis. http://www.bapca.co.uk/uploads/files/Meta-Summary091708.doc. [cited 09 January 2011]. Rogers, Carl.,1951. Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. Sussman, S., Sun, P., and Dent, C. W., 2006. A meta-analysis of teen cigarette smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 25(5), pp.549-557. Training and careers in counselling and psychotherapy (BACP) 2009. [online]. http://www.bacp.co.uk/admin/structure/files/pdf/811_t1.pdf [cited 09 January 2011]. Wilkins P.2003 Person-centred therapy in focus. London: SAGE publications Wilson, G.T., Grilo, C.M., and Vitousek, K.M. 2007. Psychological treatment of eating disorders. The  American Journal of Psychology, 62, pp.199-216. Wylie-Rosett., et al., 2001. Computerized weight loss intervention optimizes staff time. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 101, pp. 1155-1162.

Implications of Internet Censorship Essay -- Critical Thinking Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract:   This paper deals with the ethical and social implications inherent in filtering content online.   As exposure to the Internet penetrates deeper into mainstream lives across all demographic groups, there has been increased concern about the ability of children to obtain access to printed and graphic material believed to be detrimental to their development and/or well-being.   Not only could this material be argued to be damaging, it could possibly lead children to act violently or maliciously towards others.   Proponents of filtering objectionable content argue that through such means society will be able to utilize the power of the Internet to acquire information, while still adhering to certain community values regarding the welfare of children.   Numerous critics of this argument claim that by filtering Internet content, society would be crippling individuals' right to use the power of the Internet for free-speech.   They argue that not only will unregulated speech be discouraged, but that the means for filtering are themselves inherently imperfect, often restricting worthwhile content from reputable queries. While not a complete solution to the dilemma, perhaps enforcing an instituted rating system on web pages might be an effective means for working past the unpredictable nature of content filters.    Just one decade ago few could have envisioned a world where scientists, business professionals, media agencies, activist groups, and children all over the globe would have access to equal common material via an online medium.   Originally started as a small interconnected network for government agencies, educational institutions, and computer researchers to trade information, the Internet has permeated the daily ... ...n Law Firm, http://www.fmew.com/archive/censor/.    The Internet Police. http://www.internet-police.co.uk/aims.html.    "Information about Labeling and Rating Systems". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://www.mit.edu/activities/safe/labeling/summary.html. "Communications Decency Act," Yahoo!. http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Issues_and_Causes/Civil_Rights/Censorship/Internet_Censorship/Communications_Decency_Act/. Communications DecencyAmendment (full text of final language passed by the u.s. senate on June 14, 1995). http://www.prognet.com/contentp/rabest/thebill.html. "Internet Indecency and Communications Decency Act," University of Texas. http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~cjyoung/. "Net filters strain to block sites," cnetNews.com, http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-4833800.html?tag=st.cn.1.lthd

Global Warming and Agriculture Essays -- Geology

Global Warming and Agriculture Global warming has been a major topic of environmental concern over the past several decades. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recently predicted a 1 to 3.5 degree Celsius increase in average atmospheric temperature above 1990 levels by the year 2100. Although this temperature increase may seem small, even an increase or decrease of a few degrees in atmospheric temperature is capable of causing drastic alterations in the agricultural process, among many other everyday issues. Though many studies have been done on the probable effects of an increase in global mean temperature, much is still unknown or only guessed at, due to a general lack of deeper understanding of Earth?s very complex climate system. The effects of factors such as climate variability, water availability, and quality of adaptive response by farmers to the changing climate cannot be determined conclusively. This results in a rather wide range of variability in predictions of global warming eff ects on Earth?s various regions. Even specific temperature and precipitation changes cannot be determined, as they will most likely vary greatly from region to region. The most important factor in the success or failure of a harvest is a sufficiently moist soil during the growing season. A global increase in atmospheric temperatures most probably will cause a general increase in the frequency and duration of droughts and heavy rains, both damaging to agricultural crops. Extended droughts, such as the massive drought of the 1930s known as the ?Dust Bowl,? have throughout history been the causes of massive crop failures. As the Earth?s temperature continues to rise, water supply problems will become more and more o... ...erature and carbon dioxide levels. America and its farmers face a difficult task in preparing for the effects of changing climate on agriculture. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/index.html http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/9717DD.html http://climatechange.gc.ca/english/html/impacts.html http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/cover.html http://www.gcrio.org/gwcc/part2.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/Initiatives/Climate/vulnerabilities.html Global Warming and Agriculture Essays -- Geology Global Warming and Agriculture Global warming has been a major topic of environmental concern over the past several decades. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recently predicted a 1 to 3.5 degree Celsius increase in average atmospheric temperature above 1990 levels by the year 2100. Although this temperature increase may seem small, even an increase or decrease of a few degrees in atmospheric temperature is capable of causing drastic alterations in the agricultural process, among many other everyday issues. Though many studies have been done on the probable effects of an increase in global mean temperature, much is still unknown or only guessed at, due to a general lack of deeper understanding of Earth?s very complex climate system. The effects of factors such as climate variability, water availability, and quality of adaptive response by farmers to the changing climate cannot be determined conclusively. This results in a rather wide range of variability in predictions of global warming eff ects on Earth?s various regions. Even specific temperature and precipitation changes cannot be determined, as they will most likely vary greatly from region to region. The most important factor in the success or failure of a harvest is a sufficiently moist soil during the growing season. A global increase in atmospheric temperatures most probably will cause a general increase in the frequency and duration of droughts and heavy rains, both damaging to agricultural crops. Extended droughts, such as the massive drought of the 1930s known as the ?Dust Bowl,? have throughout history been the causes of massive crop failures. As the Earth?s temperature continues to rise, water supply problems will become more and more o... ...erature and carbon dioxide levels. America and its farmers face a difficult task in preparing for the effects of changing climate on agriculture. BIBLIOGRAPHY http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/impacts/index.html http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/9717DD.html http://climatechange.gc.ca/english/html/impacts.html http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/cover.html http://www.gcrio.org/gwcc/part2.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/Initiatives/Climate/vulnerabilities.html

Islamization of the Philippines Essay

Contrary to the methods of Spanish conquistadors who handled colonization at swordpoint, the introduction of Islam to pre-colonial Philippines and to the rest of Southeast Asia was generally achieved with minimal bloodshed. By marrying into the rich and ruling class, Muslim traders, teachers and missionaries facilitated the spread of Islam as they travelled to Java, Sumatra, Jahore, Malacca, Borneo and other nearby islands to conduct their mission. By the 13th century, most of the lands of Southeast Asia were Islamized, and pretty soon the southern part of the Philippines followed this trend during the 14th century. But of course, this phenomenon could have not been possible without notable Muslim people who spearheaded the spread of Islam. Based on the tarsila or the genealogies, the first one who introduced Islam in the country was Tuan Mashaika, the supposed son of Jamiyun Kalisa and his wife, Indira Suga, who were both sent to Sulu by Alexander the Great (Mongcal). Tuan Masaika married the daughter of Raja Sipad of Patikol in Buansa, present-day Jolo (Scribd.com). He was followed by Karim-ul Makhdum, or simply Mukdum, a noted Arabian scholar who introduced Islam in Malacca in the middle of 14th century and continued his travel to the east. He then reached Simunol, Sulu after passing through Sambuwangan (Zamboanga) and Basilan in 1380 (Mongcal). He built the first mosque in Sulu, and he continued to preach Islam until the time of his death. Around 1390, Raja Baginda, a minor prince from Menangkabaw, Sumatra arrived with soldiers and conquered Sulu. Afterwards, in 1450, they were followed by a Jahore[->0]-born Arab explorer[->1] and religious scholar[->2] named Sayyid Abu Bakr Abirin, or simply Abu Bakr (Sultanate of Sulu- Wikipedia). Upon coming to Sulu, Abu Bakr married Paramisuli, the local dayang-dayang or princess, and daughter of his predecessor, Raja Baginda. Then, he founded the first-ever sultanate of Sulu with him as the sultan, and thus he assumed the title Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-HÄ shim. But it was Shariff Muhammad Kabungsuwan Ibrahim, son of a royal-blooded Arab from Hadramaut (Scribd.com), who stretched the borders of Islamization beyond Sulu, and into the entirety of Mindanao. In 1475 he and his soldiers invaded the natives of present-day Cotabato and married the princess Putri Tonina. He then founded the sultanate of Mindanao with him as the head. It wasn’t just the natives in Mindanao who had been affected by the spread of Islam. Malay traders from Borneo facilitated the spread of Islam to some of the provinces of Luzon, namely Batangas, Mindoro and Pampanga. By the time the Spaniards arrived during the 16th century, they were surprised to discover that natives from certain parts of Luzon, including pre-colonial Manila and Tondo, practiced Islam. It is common knowledge, however, that technically and generally, the Spaniards had been more successful in propagating their religion all throughout the Philippines, thus confining and paralyzing the spread and influence of Islam. Today, the Philippines is one of the most predominant Roman Catholic nations in the world, second to East Timor in Southeast Asia. Only about 5% of today’s Philippine population practices Islam. The Roots of Education in the Philippines It is common for Filipinos to place a high regard on education not only as a predestined obligation to their children, but also as an important means to a higher social and economical status. According to the National Statistics Office or NSO, as of May 2012, 58 million out of the estimated 67 million Filipinos aged 10 to 64 years old are functionally literate, meaning they can read, write, compute, and comprehend (Mercene). Most Filipinos who are functionally literate are those whose who have at least finished high school. In pre-colonial Philippines, however, education in hunting-gathering communities or Primitive Communal societies was â€Å"informal, unstructured, and devoid of methods† (DepEd). It is less focused on academics characterized by the 3Rs which are reading, writing and arithmetic, and more compliant to vocational activities. The learners were taught by their parents or in the houses of tribal educators such as the babaylan or the katalonan, who are believed to possess wisdom and knowledge on spirituality with respect to their beliefs and traditions (Sribd). An ancient Southeast Asian writing system, called the Baybayin, was used as a teaching medium. Baybayin, from the Tagalog term baybay which means â€Å"to spell† is a member of the Brahmic family[->3] and is recorded as being in use in the 16th century, up until the late 19th century (Baybayin – Wikipedia). It is not to be confused with Alibata, which is Arabic in origin. Ancient writing tools consist of leaves, palm fronds, tree bark, fruit rinds, daggers as panulat and materials made from bamboo. Upon the arrival of the Spaniards, these native communities are already practically and technically literate using the Baybayin. There had been several major changes to the type of education in the Philippines during the Spanish period, as their teachings were centralized on the ideology of Catholicism. The tribal tutors were replaced with Spanish missionaries, and the responsibility for providing primary education to indigenous populations was left to religious orders, headed by parish friars. The concepts of church and school were merged. This elitist, religious-oriented and exceedingly patriarchal type of education continued until it was partially liberalized through the enactment of the Educational Decree of 1863 which provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government (DepEd). The first book printed in the Philippines, a version of Doctrina Christiana or Christian Doctrine in the Chinese language, was printed in 1590, to be followed by versions in Tagalog and Spanish in 1593. There were four major groups of Spanish missionaries who established Christian schools in the Philippines, most of these institutions still teaching at present. The Augustinians established a school in Cebu in 1565, and then the Franciscans took charge of educating the natives in 1577. The Jesuits followed in 1581, with the youth as their focus. They also founded the Unibersidad de San Ignacio, which was later incorporated into the University of Santo Tomas, and also the Colegio de San Josà © in 1601 that took over the management in what became Escuela Municipal, now Ateneo de Manila University (Education in the Philippines- Wikipedia). The last group of missionaries were the Dominicans, who established a school on their first mission in Bataan in 1587, and later founded Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1620. In general, however, education during the Spanish period was â€Å"inadequate, suppressed, and controlled† (DepEd). A free and adequate secularized public school system only came with the first decade of the American rule, with respect to recommendations of the Schurman Commission, or the First Philippine Commission – a five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman[->4], president of Cornell University[->5], to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations (Schurman Commission – Wikipedia). The Taft Commission or the Second Philippine Commission established by President William Mckinley came later in 1900. This commission, headed by William Howard Taft[->6], was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers (Taft Commission – Wikipedia), and thus it focused on training the people for the duties of citizenship and avocation. The spread of public schools throughout the Philippines came afterwards in 1901, when the Thomasites, the five hundred pioneer teachers sent by the U.S. government to the Philippines due to shortage of teachers, arrived and estab lished barangay schools. Works Cited List Mongcal, MAJ SAMUEL T . â€Å"Sulu: Our Ancestral Domain.† The Philippine Marine Corps’ Official Web Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Sultanate of Sulu – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"The Spread of Islam in the Philippines.† Scribd. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . REPORT IN HUM 10 Javier, Jess G. Hum10 – B1 [->0] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johore [->1] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_people [->2] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_scholar [->3] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family [->4] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman [->5] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University [->6] – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft

Deception Point Page 54

The technician sitting at the oscillator screen in the sonar room was one of the best in the world. His mind was a dictionary of sounds and waveforms. He could distinguish between the sounds of several dozen Russian submarine propellers, hundreds of marine animals, and even pinpoint underwater volcanoes as far away as Japan. At the moment, however, he was listening to a dull, repetitive echo. The sound, although easily distinguishable, was most unexpected. â€Å"You aren't going to believe what's coming through my listening cans,† he said to his catalog assistant, handing over the headphones. His assistant donned the headphones, an incredulous look crossing his face. â€Å"My God. It's clear as day. What do we do?† The sonar man was already on the phone to the captain. When the submarine's captain arrived in the sonar room, the technician piped a live sonar feed over a small set of speakers. The captain listened, expressionless. THUD. THUD. THUD. THUD†¦ THUD†¦ THUD†¦ THUD. THUD. THUD. Slower. Slower. The pattern was becoming looser. More and more faint. â€Å"What are the coordinates?† the captain demanded. The technician cleared his throat. â€Å"Actually, sir, it's coming from the surface, about three miles to our starboard.† 62 In the darkened hallway outside Senator Sexton's den, Gabrielle Ashe's legs were trembling. Not so much out of exhaustion from standing motionless, but from disillusionment over what she was listening to. The meeting in the next room was still going, but Gabrielle didn't have to hear another word. The truth seemed painfully obvious. Senator Sexton is taking bribes from private space agencies. Marjorie Tench had been telling the truth. The revulsion Gabrielle felt spreading through her now was one of betrayal. She had believed in Sexton. She'd fought for him. How can he do this? Gabrielle had seen the senator lie publicly from time to time to protect his private life, but that was politics. This was breaking the law. He's not even elected yet, and he's already selling out the White House! Gabrielle knew she could no longer support the senator. Promising to deliver the NASA privatization bill could be done only with a contemptuous disregard for both the law and the democratic system. Even if the senator believed it would be in everyone's best interest, to sell that decision flat out, in advance, slammed the door on the checks and balances of government, ignoring potentially persuasive arguments from Congress, advisers, voters, and lobbyists. Most important, guaranteeing the privatization of NASA, Sexton had paved the way for endless abuses of that advanced knowledge-insider trading the most common-blatantly favoring the wealthy, inside cadre at the expense of honest public investors. Feeling sick to her stomach, Gabrielle wondered what she should do. A telephone rang sharply behind her, shattering the silence of the hallway. Startled, Gabrielle turned. The sound was coming from the closet in the foyer-a cellphone in the pocket of one of the visitors' coats. â€Å"‘Scuse me, friends,† a Texas drawl said in the den. â€Å"That's me.† Gabrielle could hear the man get up. He's coming this way! Wheeling, she dashed back up the carpet the way she'd come. Halfway up the hall, she cut left, ducking into the darkened kitchen just as the Texan exited the den and turned up the hall. Gabrielle froze, motionless in the shadows. The Texan strode by without noticing. Over the sound of her pounding heart, Gabrielle could hear him rustling in the closet. Finally, he answered the ringing phone. â€Å"Yeah?†¦ When?†¦ Really? We'll switch it on. Thanks.† The man hung up and headed back toward the den, calling out as he went. â€Å"Hey! Turn on the television. Sounds like Zach Herney's giving an urgent press conference tonight. Eight o'clock. All channels. Either we're declaring war on China, or the International Space Station just fell into the ocean.† â€Å"Now wouldn't that be something to toast!† someone called out. Everyone laughed. Gabrielle felt the kitchen spinning around her now. An eight P.M. press conference? Tench, it seemed, had not been bluffing after all. She had given Gabrielle until 8:00 P.M. to give her an affidavit admitting the affair. Distance yourself from the senator before it's too late, Tench had told her. Gabrielle had assumed the deadline was so the White House could leak the information to tomorrow's papers, but now it seemed the White House intended to go public with the allegations themselves. An urgent press conference? The more Gabrielle considered it, though, the stranger it seemed. Herney is going live with this mess? Personally? The television came on in the den. Blaring. The news announcer's voice was bursting with excitement. â€Å"The White House has offered no clues as to the topic of tonight's surprise presidential address, and speculation abounds. Some political analysts now think that following the President's recent absence on the campaign trail, Zach Herney may be preparing to announce he will not be running for a second term.† A hopeful cheer arose in the den. Absurd, Gabrielle thought. With all the dirt the White House had on Sexton right now, there was no way in hell the President was throwing in the towel tonight. This press conference is about something else. Gabrielle had a sinking feeling she'd already been warned what it was. With rising urgency, she checked her watch. Less than an hour. She had a decision to make, and she knew exactly to whom she needed to talk. Clutching the envelope of photos under her arm, she quietly exited the apartment. In the hallway, the bodyguard looked relieved. â€Å"I heard some cheering inside. Sounds like you were a hit.† She smiled curtly and headed for the elevator. Outside in the street, the settling night felt unusually bitter. Flagging a cab, she climbed in and tried to reassure herself she knew exactly what she was doing. â€Å"ABC television studios,† she told the driver. â€Å"And hurry.† 63 As Michael Tolland lay on his side on the ice, he rested his head on an outstretched arm, which he could no longer feel. Although his eyelids felt heavy, he fought to keep them open. From this odd vantage point, Tolland took in the final images of his world-now just sea and ice-in a strange sideways tilt. It seemed a fitting end to a day in which nothing had been what it seemed. An eerie calm had begun to settle over the floating raft of ice. Rachel and Corky had both fallen silent, and the pounding had stopped. The farther from the glacier they floated, the calmer the wind became. Tolland heard his own body getting quieter too. With the tight skullcap over his ears, he could hear his own breathing amplified in his head. It was getting slower†¦ shallower. His body was no longer able to fight off the compressing sensation that accompanied his own blood racing from his extremities like a crew abandoning ship, flowing instinctively to his vital organs in a last-ditch effort to keep him conscious. A losing battle, he knew. Strangely, there was no pain anymore. He had passed through that stage. The sensation now was that of having been inflated. Numbness. Floating. As the first of his reflexive operations-blinking-began to shut down, Tolland's vision blurred. The aqueous humor that circulated between his cornea and lens was freezing repeatedly. Tolland gazed back toward the blur of the Milne Ice Shelf, now only a faint white form in the hazy moonlight. He felt his soul admitting defeat. Teetering on the brink between presence and absence, he stared out at the ocean waves in the distance. The wind howled all around him. It was then that Tolland began hallucinating. Strangely, in the final seconds before unconsciousness, he did not hallucinate rescue. He did not hallucinate warm and comforting thoughts. His final delusion was a terrifying one.

Contrast between Psychodynamic and the behaviorist theory of personality Essay

Psychodynamic is a method used to help people find relief from emotional pain which could be as a result of unresolved conflicts of the past. It is usually done verbally. It’s based on the idea that a human being’s behavior is shaped by known and unknown influences. It aims at solving this past experiences that could have left lasting traces that could affect your self-esteem leading to maladaptive patterns of behaviors. It involves patient talking and the therapist interpreting the patient’s words and behaviors (Miller, Luborsky, Jacques and John, pp 23). Psychodynamic is basically concerned about psychological processes, past experiences, existence of unknown motivation, ego, superego and defense mechanisms (Jackson and Beverly, pp 45). Behaviorist‘s theory also attempts to explain human behavior but its in conflict with psychodynamic theory in ways which human behavior is developed. The behaviorist believes that culture and subculture have a role to play in molding someone’s behavior and as a result has an effect on the personality. Therapy in a behaviorist is based on the principles of learning using all the processes and methods such as training, reinforcing, desensitization, aversion therapy, modeling and replication (Chamorro-Premuzic, and Adrian, pp67). According to Miller, Nancy, Lester, Jacques and John (pp 89), this theory has little concern about any outside energy or force in determining behavior. To it, normal behavior comes as a result of acceptable conditioning, reinforcing and modeling while abnormal behavior comes as a result of defective conditioning, reinforcing and modeling. It is not interested in the effect of developmental processes on the behavior. In treating the patient, the therapist has little regard to the patient’s feelings, thoughts, emotional experiences or imagination. It is believed that if one understands the environment and how to interact with it, he can basically understand himself and his behavior. The behaviorist believes that behavior is cultured and it can also be uncultured. Works Cited Jackson, Leslie C. , and Beverly Greene, eds. Psychotherapy with African American Women: Innovations in Psychodynamic Perspectives and Practice. New York: Guilford Press, 2000. Lazarus, Richard S. Fifty Years of the Research and Theory of R. S. Lazarus: An Analysis Of Historical and Perennial Issues. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. Miller, Nancy E. , Lester Luborsky, Jacques P. Barber, and John P. Docherty, eds. Psychodynamic Treatment Research: A Handbook for Clinical Practice. New York: Basic Books, 1993. Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas, and Adrian Furnham. Personality and Intellectual Competence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005. .

Bio-Weapons

Chlorine gas was used during the war a lot. Chlorine gas was first used April 22 191 5 at leper in Belgium. There were many ways of use of the gas for example; artillery shells, mortar projectiles, aerial bombs tank sprays and landmines were used to spread the chemicals around. During the Cold War the United Stated and Russia had enough chemical weapons to wipeout most animal and plant life on earth.Blologlcal weapons were deployed In various ways to gain strategic or tactical advantage over an advisory. The united States developed an anti-crop capability that used bio-herbicides or myco-herbicides to destroy enemy agriculture. Fisheries and water-based vegetation was also targeted. Wheat blast and rice blast were weaoponized in aerial tanks and cluster bombs to deliver to enemy water sheds. Even though herbicides are chemicals they are grouped with biological warfare and chemical warfare because they work the same as blotoxlns and ioregulators.Japan poisoned Chinese water wells to s tudy how many people got Typhus and other diseases. Germany also used bioweapons at the beginning of the Second World War. Oplnlon/Crltlque: In my opinion bioweapons were both good and bad but I think that they were mostly bad. The bad toxins that are Inside somebody can get Into their genes and be passed on to their child If they have any. If there Is a child and one of the parents have toxins in them the child can come out looking deformed and mutated.

A Vine on the House

The words Mr. Harding expressed and the reality of the situation were two complete opposites. He kept a secret of his wife’s â€Å"disappearance† and also picked up everything and left, leaving no signs behind, leading to believe he was very secretive and suspicious. Secrets are kept in every household, things that could kill if it was leaked. I feel like the writer’s purpose was to keep the reader guessing and inferring. This story could also be an account of his life and a cry for help. Mr. Bierce grew up in a troubled family. His two sons died early on and he found out about his wife’s infidelity. This could be his way of plotting revenge on his wife. It is a cry for help because he mentions Mr. Harding disappearing, which is exactly what Bierce did a few years later. The intended audience is for those who enjoy getting goose bumps, those who seek a thrill and love being kept in the dark. It is not however for the uneasy sleeper. The main theme of this story and connection on a universal level is that in every family, there is a fair share of secrets. Everyone can relate to this one way or another because we all have issues we wished no one would find out. The Harding family as a whole must’ve had a few problems of their own. A family doesn’t just all of a sudden fall apart. It takes time to disintegrate. In the story, like in real life, it shows that there are unhappy couples out there, ones who have stopped loving each other and instead find pleasure in hurting their significant other. The Harding family is just one example of a relationship that is unhealthy, both physically and emotionally. The author has quite a few tricks up his sleeves to grasp the reader’s attention. First of all, Mr. Bierce is an expert in the suspense category. He keeps readers guessing and wondering what will happen next. For example, Mr. Harding mentions his wife went to â€Å"visit relatives† but his tone of voice allowed no further questioning. This makes me curious because he seems like he’s hiding a dark secret. He also later on flees the country, which gathers even more curiosity. Mr. Bierce describes the â€Å"haunted house† as not actually haunted, making me wonder what truly happened for it to deserve such a title. He also pulls in elements from his life. This story is loosely based on his own family matters. He could also be a â€Å"revenge† for finding out about his wife’s sinful actions. A Vine on the House has supernatural aspects but because the events were pulled from his life, it makes the story seem more realistic and feel like it could potentially be a true story. Another aspect that I enjoyed was that, yes this story is gothic, but the gothic elements were all very subtle and mind boggling but not gory. There was no mentions of diseases, a small brush on incense and only one inferred death. This gives the story a different twist to the normal classical gothic tales. The author uses foreshadowing well. He describes Mrs. Harding in detail and left her disappearance very shocking and sudden leading to her inferred murder by her husband. He also described the wine along the house as a sign of the supernatural that was partly concealed, which indicated before hand that something out of the ordinary was going to happen. These are all red flags, leading to the discovery of the vine’s unnatural root formation. I enjoyed this short story very much. It was intriguing and kept me on my toes at all times. I enjoyed the suspense and the feeling of wanting to know what happens next. The one part that I was disappointed in was that I found the part where people were witnessing the phenomenon of the tree dragged on for a long time. My interest was lost during that time. However, I really enjoyed the idea that things are never what they appear to be and words spoken could just be a slur of lies. I find that this is completely true in today’s society. People don’t always show their true colours. The part I love was the cliff-hanger ending. It makes me wonder, could this all be a coincidence or could it truly happen in real life? If it could, then it was surely explain the phenomenon of a shaking leaf on a still tree. A Vine on the House The words Mr. Harding expressed and the reality of the situation were two complete opposites. He kept a secret of his wife’s â€Å"disappearance† and also picked up everything and left, leaving no signs behind, leading to believe he was very secretive and suspicious. Secrets are kept in every household, things that could kill if it was leaked. I feel like the writer’s purpose was to keep the reader guessing and inferring. This story could also be an account of his life and a cry for help. Mr. Bierce grew up in a troubled family. His two sons died early on and he found out about his wife’s infidelity. This could be his way of plotting revenge on his wife. It is a cry for help because he mentions Mr. Harding disappearing, which is exactly what Bierce did a few years later. The intended audience is for those who enjoy getting goose bumps, those who seek a thrill and love being kept in the dark. It is not however for the uneasy sleeper. The main theme of this story and connection on a universal level is that in every family, there is a fair share of secrets. Everyone can relate to this one way or another because we all have issues we wished no one would find out. The Harding family as a whole must’ve had a few problems of their own. A family doesn’t just all of a sudden fall apart. It takes time to disintegrate. In the story, like in real life, it shows that there are unhappy couples out there, ones who have stopped loving each other and instead find pleasure in hurting their significant other. The Harding family is just one example of a relationship that is unhealthy, both physically and emotionally. The author has quite a few tricks up his sleeves to grasp the reader’s attention. First of all, Mr. Bierce is an expert in the suspense category. He keeps readers guessing and wondering what will happen next. For example, Mr. Harding mentions his wife went to â€Å"visit relatives† but his tone of voice allowed no further questioning. This makes me curious because he seems like he’s hiding a dark secret. He also later on flees the country, which gathers even more curiosity. Mr. Bierce describes the â€Å"haunted house† as not actually haunted, making me wonder what truly happened for it to deserve such a title. He also pulls in elements from his life. This story is loosely based on his own family matters. He could also be a â€Å"revenge† for finding out about his wife’s sinful actions. A Vine on the House has supernatural aspects but because the events were pulled from his life, it makes the story seem more realistic and feel like it could potentially be a true story. Another aspect that I enjoyed was that, yes this story is gothic, but the gothic elements were all very subtle and mind boggling but not gory. There was no mentions of diseases, a small brush on incense and only one inferred death. This gives the story a different twist to the normal classical gothic tales. The author uses foreshadowing well. He describes Mrs. Harding in detail and left her disappearance very shocking and sudden leading to her inferred murder by her husband. He also described the wine along the house as a sign of the supernatural that was partly concealed, which indicated before hand that something out of the ordinary was going to happen. These are all red flags, leading to the discovery of the vine’s unnatural root formation. I enjoyed this short story very much. It was intriguing and kept me on my toes at all times. I enjoyed the suspense and the feeling of wanting to know what happens next. The one part that I was disappointed in was that I found the part where people were witnessing the phenomenon of the tree dragged on for a long time. My interest was lost during that time. However, I really enjoyed the idea that things are never what they appear to be and words spoken could just be a slur of lies. I find that this is completely true in today’s society. People don’t always show their true colours. The part I love was the cliff-hanger ending. It makes me wonder, could this all be a coincidence or could it truly happen in real life? If it could, then it was surely explain the phenomenon of a shaking leaf on a still tree.

The Role of the Internet and Crime Research Paper

The Role of the Internet and Crime - Research Paper Example Such information attracts criminals. Moreover internet is the fastest way for information transfer. It is very important for criminals. Also such types of criminal activity as computer viruses and malicious codes, cyber stalking and information warfare can damage our personal information. All these criminal activities are greatly influenced by the Internet, because it is the world of a great amount of information, in many cases unprotected information, and it is the place where person can stay incognito (Johanna Granville). Let’s take a closer look how the Internet aids criminal activity. â€Å"Work-at-home† schemes. In this scheme victim finds a job opportunity or receive an e-mail from fake company. The job is part-time and has a generous salary. The main â€Å"job† responsibilities are to rewrite articles or translate texts or to be middleman for charity organization that collects donations for victims of a natural disaster. Then the scammer asks the person for her personal information such as bank account numbers, Social Security number and date of birth. As the fraudsters says all these personal information is needed for hiring process, but in fact with these information they can monitor the victim’s account balances. When a big amount of money appears, the fraudster drains the account. Drug trafficking is another example of the Internet influence on criminal activity. Cyber world has become very popular among drug dealers. They use the Internet cafes to arrange their deals and courier web sites to track the drugs. They even create chat rooms with restricted access in order to swap recipes for amphetamine. One more example worth of remembering is changing information among terrorists through the Internet. They can easily plan their actions no matter where they are. It is better than phone, because you can stay incognito longer and it is harder to find such kind of information. As the Internet is World Wide it

New Worlds development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New Worlds development - Essay Example This is more significant as they all hoped to find the wealth as they responded with a mixture of diplomacy and violence to the native people. In addition, they all had an intention to introduce Protestantism among the Americans as they built churches in their colonial areas. The goals of the Spanish, French, and English differed as they had different reasons for colonizing of America. France focus was on the economic trade in America would have on their nation while the English focused on the deep desire to explore the new world in America and expand its nation’s territory (Cheyney, 2004). The Spanish, on the contrary, concentrated on inhabiting the land, besides achieving economic superiority over other European nations. The Spanish colonies were different from the English and French colonies as it developed large and expensive colonial bureaucracies. These bureaucracies eventually led to individual proprietors that in turn played a large role in development of English and French colonies. On the contrary, English and French colonies played a more significant as they brought change that led to a greater regional variety in economic, social, cultural, and political institutions structure, especially in regions of English colonies (Bulliet & Kyle, 2010). It is therefore, significant that the Spanish, English, and French colonies brought a lot of change during their colonization of America that describes the new world developments. Bulliet, R. & Kyle, P. (2010). Crossley the Earth and its peoples a global history. New York: Cengage Learning. Cheyney, E. (2004). European Background of American History. New York: Kessinger

Journalism and Diversity Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Journalism and Diversity - Term Paper Example This paper tells that the notion of responsible media got recognition through the Hutchins Commission on Freedom of the Press in the United States. The World Association of Press Councils realizes that the freedom of the press must be responsible to the public cause, if not the government. It announces that â€Å"it is implicit and inherent in the institution of a free press that the press exercises its powers and duties in a responsible manner† (The Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, 2000, p. 2). Clause 12 of the Press Complaints Code deals with discrimination issue regarding reporting of news, guiding journalists not to mention the race, color, religion, sexual orientation, physical or mental illness or disability of a person unless these are required actually to complete the story. The purpose behind this clause is to secure people from biased reporting and the news publication does not harm the common public interest. Journalists need to differentiate between the lines, c rossing it only when remarks are made generally about various sections of people on a reporter’s individual capacity to write that is politically correct and a decision cannot be easily made without harming others’ right of freedom of expression (Beales, 2009). The purpose of the Code is to draw a line, remaining within which won’t create any clash between the right of the public to freedom of speech and the rights of a person not to be exposed to biased personal abuse. Regarding the right to freedom of expression, having a different opinion is the right irrespective of the matter whether it is not to others’ liking or others mind it (Beales, 2009). With the increasing trend of media taken to the court over its expression of public opinion, the responsibility of the press has increased to report daily news in a controlled way. Past examples of various news reporting can help in drawing a line between taking the freedom of publishing news, for example, the British media took restraint by not publishing the contentious Danish cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed, although they were not bound by the Code not to do so. On the same length, the sarcastic advice of a national newspaper columnist to wire the county streets to decollate cyclists created anger among the audiences but it was not the violation of the Code on the part of the columnist but because the remark was not aimed at any individual and the columnist also published an apology, the matter was amicably settled (Beales, 2009). Nevertheless, pejorative or prejudicial aggression at selected people is against the spirit of the Code. For instance, making fun at the disabled son of Katie Price, the showbiz model from Jordan became a controversial issue; the PCC was flooded with complaints from readers and also from Ms. Price and her husband, Peter Andre. The issue could only be settled when an online and in-print apology was made by the magazine besides making the donation to the char ity (Beales, 2009). The Code comes to the rescue of those individuals who are targeted and victimized but complaints made by the third party do not come under the arc of the Code until the sufferer agrees to support the complaint. Journalists are advised to apply restraint in reporting matters of public interest by the PCC. Even if no claim of discrimination is made by any individual, PCC can take action under other sections of the Code like Accuracy. For instance, the PCC issued the guidance note on asylum seekers indicating that it was wrong to assume asylum seekers as illegal. They are legal so far as they are not denied asylum.