Factors Responsible for the Change in Coca Cola Company

Factors responsible for the change in coca cola company Change Management in Coca-Cola Corporation Change is significant, prolonged and disruptive In this attribute, change in an organization includes venturing into new areas of business, such as entering new products in the new market, facing an unexpected event such as economic crisis and redirection of the company. Change is a continuous process of alignment According to (), an aligned organisation must have a continuous synchronization of the important management levers such as strategy, operation, culture and reward.Moreover, discussed that in these management levers, the managers, chief executive officers and supervisors are responsible for manipulating and rearranging both the human and non-human elements. In addition, discussed that change is an important aspect in the business world especially in technology and innovation, from simple technologies and procedures up to more complex operating environments, nowadays technologie s and products are coming together to achieve a common conclusion or objective. Organisations that resist changes will inevitably face wider exposure to risks and losses.There are a number of situations in which change is necessary within the organisation such as technological advancement that is being utilised by different companies in order to cope up with the competition. Aside from what was mentioned earlier, there are still many issues and concerns that are necessary for change in the organisation, however the most substantial thing is that organisations acknowledge that changes happen constantly for different reasons and the management must address these changes as soon as possible to prevent great losses.Why an organisation does undergo changes? What are the factors and reasons for undertaking it? According to MacCalman and Parton the most influential factor in changes in organisations is the external environment which instigates reaction. Some of the examples given by MacCal man and Parton in the external environment that triggers changes in the organisation are: †¢Changes in technology being utilised †¢Changes in the tastes and expectations of the consumers †¢Changes due to competition †¢Changes because of legislation by the government Changes due to modifications in the economy whether locally or internationally †¢Changes in the communications media †¢Changes in the value systems of the society †¢Changes in the supply chain †¢Changes in the distribution chain The second factor that initiates change in the organisation is the internal changes which are the reactions of the organisation to the external changes. Aside from the responses there are also some factors that contribute to the internal changes, an example of this is a new marketing strategy for existing and new products.And finally, changes in organisation happen if they try to act in advance in order to deal with the expected risks and difficulty. An exa mple is when an organisation anticipates the problems that may occur and creates and devises plans to combat and negate the impact of those problems. Change Management Nickols (2006) has four basic definitions of change management, according to him it is a task of managing changes, a field of professional practice, a body of knowledge and information and a control mechanism.Task of Managing Change- Nickols defined managing changes as â€Å"the devising of transformation in a planned and systematic fashion. † He stated that the main objective of managing change is to efficiently implement new techniques and methods within the organisation, moreover the changes to be handled depends upon the control of the organisation. Aside from the definition mentioned earlier, Nickols also has a second definition on managing changes and it is â€Å"the reactions to changes in which the organisation has no control. â€Å" Area of Professional Practice- in what way professional practice cam e into managing changes?Are there any relations between the two? Years ago, managing changes in a corporation is done by the management, supervisors, and CEO of the company, but nowadays with the constant change in the concepts of business and evolution of new theories a number of people have developed firms that particularly addresses the issues regarding managing changes. According to Nickols there are a number of individuals and consulting firms that declare they engaged in activities that involves planned change and that the firm exercises change management practices.A Body of Knowledge- The body of knowledge in change management according to Nickols includes the following, models, methods and techniques, tools and various forms of knowledge that constructs the change management practice. Moreover, Nickols discussed that the content of change management is influence by sociology, psychology, business administration, industrial engineering, economics, systems engineering and huma n and organisational behaviour. Control Mechanism- over the past years groups and individuals handling the information systems of organisation have tried to control and direct changes to the applications and systems of the company.External Environment- over the past decades, the Coca-Cola Company has faced a number of changes in the external environment that have transformed the management of the company. One of the best examples is during the World War II. The company was able to maintain the status of the company, at the same time, was able to enter new markets despite the environment. Instead of lying-low because of the war, the company became more aggressive through providing free drinks for the GIs during the World War II. Through this the corporation was able to hit two birds at one stone.First, because the carbonated drinks sent by the company, it became a patriotic symbol by the United States soldiers in which led to consumer loyalty. Second, the company was able to take adv antage of the situation and established the product in newly-occupied countries by the Ally forces and because of that the company established plants in various locations worldwide paving the way for its post-war expansion. Another aspect in the external environment is the change of taste and expectations of the consumers.During the mid-1980s wherein the Americans favoured the sweet taste of the rival product, the company created its counterpart but became a commercial failure; however instead of backing down, Coca-Cola changed its management strategy and returned the old formula, and just renamed it as Coca-Cola Classic. And with the rise of obesity in the United States and consumers became health conscious the company released new versions of Coke in order to address the needs of these type of consumers, such products include Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero.In addition, according to Bool (2007) companies such as Coca-Cola are compulsory to transform due to trends that have a huge imp act on their business, and one of these trends is the health and fitness. A number of people are noe investing more in their health, and in order to keep up with the trend, Coca-Cola introduced their new product which is a calorie burning soft drink, the Enviga. Moreover, Coca-Cola is collaborating with the Swiss company Nestle. Coca-Cola is dealing with innovation and change. During the Asian Financial Crisis, Coca- Cola was also triggered to change its course of management in that particular region.The responses and reactions of Coca-Cola with the external environment are its internal changes. Internal Changes- as mentioned earlier, Asia experienced its financial crisis in 1997. According to (2002) as the financial crisis swept the Asian region, the chief executive officer, responded to this by mobilising his executives to workshops about how Coca-Cola would seize new growth opportunities. stated that Coca-Cola gave emphasis on acquisition opportunities, Coca-Cola bought acquired bottling business in South Korea which gave more access in retail stores in South Korea, as well as, better entry in China, Japan and Malaysia.Coca-Cola disregarded its country-defined market perspective and focused on regional strategic view and acquired local brands of tea and coffee. In the case of health trends and changing taste of the consumers, Coca-Cola responded to this through innovation and change. Innovation is accomplished through development of new products such as the Enviga, Diet Coke, Coca-Cola Zero, and other variants of Coke. The change is incited by the trend in health and fitness and consumer tastes which had an impact on the business of Coca-Cola.

Senior Privileges

In the past, my high school gave more privileges to the seniors, although they have taken the privileges away from the seniors every year one by one. Currently, the only privileges seniors have over the underclassmen are leaving five minutes early for lunch and having the senior courtyard for lunch. We believe seniors should have more privileges or benefits than the school gives to us. After EHS took away senior privileges like going off-campus for lunch and leaving class five minutes early, students rebelled and started to sneak out for lunch saying they have Career Center or GHS third block. Although the administration started to notice the students coming back after thirty minutes, the students started to be dismissed to continue going off-campus for lunch. The problem with not leaving class early is that students began sneaking out of class and detention numbers increased because sneaking out is not allowed. The senior class can relate to this issue and would like to go off-campus for lunch and leave class five minutes early. The future upcoming seniors would also like the same privileges. The current seniors have looked forward to senior benefits since being a freshman. By the time the freshmen class finally reached senior status all of the privileges the previous seniors had gained were taken away due to misjudgment and carelessness. The administration’s defense is that the seniors’ of previous classes disregarded safety concerns. Although high school students normally disregard the administration’s safety concerns one of the purpose of being a senior is to understand safety before they enter the real world. Although safety is a current issue we believe seniors are capable of being careful and influencing the underclassmen of being cautious. EHS may be responsible for the students during the day; we believe that students and parents can sign a permission slip where if the student gets in a wreck while out for lunch then EHS will not be responsible for any injuries. We believe seniors understand that going out for lunch is a privilege and if there are any complaints or problems the student’s privileges can will revoked at any point of time. We believe senior privileges can be taken away if senior abuses their privileges then they will have their privileges taken. Although previous classes have acted in a way that they would have been revoked eventually the administration should consider giving privileges back to seniors. We believe having senior benefits will cut down on the discipline issues EHS may have to deal with. EHS should offer more senior privileges than mentioned above. We think administration could add a few more benefits for seniors such as having a free period during the day, if the senior has A’s and B’s they could leave campus for the period. Although it would be mandatory for students to receive permission by parents and for the students to sign out when they leave campus and back in when they come back on campus for the rest of the day. For students that do not have the required grades and permission they can use the period to study and bring up their grades to earn the right to go off campus for the period. Our idea is right because it helps rebelling out of the schools and it will slim down the discipline issues of the seniors. It will also help the seniors prepare for college or the working world next year.

Barack Obama - Oval Office Speech to the Nation on BP Oil Spill Disaster

Barack Obama Oval Office Address to the Nation on BP Oil Spill Disaster delivered 15 June 2010, Washington, D.C. Good evening. As we speak, our nation faces a multitude of challenges. At home, our top priority is to recover and rebuild from a recession that has touched the lives of nearly every American. Abroad, our brave men and women in uniform are taking the fight to al Qaeda wherever it exists. And tonight, I’ve returned from a trip to the Gulf Coast to speak with you about the battle we’re waging against an oil spill that is assaulting our shores and our citizens. On April 20th, an explosion ripped through BP Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, about 40 miles off the coast of Louisiana. Eleven workers lost their lives. Seventeen others were injured. And soon, nearly a mile beneath the surface of the ocean, oil began spewing into the water. Because there has never been a leak this size at this depth, stopping it has tested the limits of human technology. That’s why just after the rig sank, I assembled a team of our nation’s best scientists and engineers to tackle this challenge a team led by Dr. Steven Chu, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist and our nation’s Secretary of Energy. Scientists at our national labs and experts from academia and other oil companies have also provided ideas and advice. As a result of these efforts, we’ve directed BP to mobilize additional equipment and technology. And in the coming weeks and days, these efforts should capture up to 90 percent of the oil leaking out of the well. This is until the company finishes drilling a relief well later in the summer that’s expected to stop the leak completely. Already, this oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced. And unlike an earthquake or a hurricane, it’s not a single event that does its damage in a matter of minutes or days. The millions of gallons of oil that have spilled into the Gulf of Mexico are more like an epidemic, one that we will be fighting for months and even years. But make no mistake: We will fight this spill with everything we’ve got for as long as it takes. We will make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. And we will do whatever’s necessary to help the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy. Tonight I’d like to lay out for you what our battle plan is going forward: what we’re doing to clean up the oil, what we’re doing to help our neighbors in the Gulf, and what we’re doing to make sure that a catastrophe like this never happens again. First, the cleanup. From the very beginning of this crisis, the federal government has been in charge of the largest environmental cleanup effort in our nation’s history an effort led by Admiral Thad Allen, who has almost 40 years of experience responding to disasters. We now have nearly 30,000 personnel who are working across four states to contain and clean up the oil. Thousands of ships and other vessels are responding in the Gulf. And I’ve authorized the deployment of over 17,000 National Guard members along the coast. These servicemen and women are ready to help stop the oil from coming ashore, they’re ready to help clean the beaches, train response workers, or even help with processing claims and I urge the governors in the affected states to activate these troops as soon as possible. Because of our efforts, millions of gallons of oil have already been removed from the water through burning, skimming and other collection methods. Over five and a half million feet of boom has been laid across the water to block and absorb the approaching oil. We’ve approved the construction of new barrier islands in Louisiana to try to stop the oil before it reaches the shore, and we’re working with Alabama, Mississippi and Florida to implement creative approaches to their unique coastlines. As the cleanup continues, we will offer whatever additional resources and assistance our coastal states may need. Now, a mobilization of this speed and magnitude will never be perfect, and new challenges will always arise. I saw and heard evidence of that during this trip. So if something isn’t working, we want to hear about it. If there are problems in the operation, we will fix them. But we have to recognize that despite our best efforts, oil has already caused damage to our coastline and its wildlife. And sadly, no matter how effective our response is, there will be more oil and more damage before this siege is done. That’s why the second thing we’re focused on is the recovery and restoration of the Gulf Coast. You know, for generations, men and women who call this region home have made their living from the water. That living is now in jeopardy. I’ve talked to shrimpers and fishermen who don’t know how they’re going to support their families this year. I’ve seen empty docks and restaurants with fewer customers even in areas where the beaches are not yet affected. I’ve talked to owners of shops and hotels who wonder when the tourists might start coming back. The sadness and the anger they feel is not just about the money they’ve lost. It’s about a wrenching anxiety that their way of life may be lost. I refuse to let that happen. Tomorrow, I will meet with the chairman of BP and inform him that he is to set aside whatever resources are required to compensate the workers and business owners who have been harmed as a result of his company’s recklessness. And this fund will not be controlled by BP. In order to ensure that all legitimate claims are paid out in a fair and timely manner, the account must and will be administered by an independent third party. Beyond compensating the people of the Gulf in the short term, it’s also clear we need a long-term plan to restore the unique beauty and bounty of this region. The oil spill represents just the latest blow to a place that’s already suffered multiple economic disasters and decades of environmental degradation that has led to disappearing wetlands and habitats. And the region still hasn’t recovered from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. That’s why we must make a commitment to the Gulf Coast that goes beyond responding to the crisis of the moment. I make that commitment tonight. Earlier, I asked Ray Mabus, the Secretary of the Navy, who is also a former governor of Mississippi and a son of the Gulf Coast, to develop a long-term Gulf Coast Restoration Plan as soon as possible. The plan will be designed by states, local communities, tribes, fishermen, businesses, conservationists and other Gulf residents. And BP will pay for the impact this spill has had on the region. The third part of our response plan is the steps we’re taking to ensure that a disaster like this does not happen again. A few months ago, I approved a proposal to consider new, limited offshore drilling under the assurance that it would be absolutely safe that the proper technology would be in place and the necessary precautions would be taken. That obviously was not the case in the Deepwater Horizon rig, and I want to know why. The American people deserve to know why. The families I met with last week who lost their loved ones in the explosion these families deserve to know why. And so I’ve established a National Commission to understand the causes of this disaster and offer recommendations on what additional safety and environmental standards we need to put in place. Already, I’ve issued a six-month moratorium on deepwater drilling. I know this creates difficulty for the people who work on these rigs, but for the sake of their safety, and for the sake of the entire region, we need to know the facts before we allow deepwater drilling to continue. And while I urge the Commission to complete its work as quickly as possible, I expect them to do that work thoroughly and impartially. One place we’ve already begun to take action is at the agency in charge of regulating drilling and issuing permits, known as the Minerals Management Service. Over the last decade, this agency has become emblematic of a failed philosophy that views all regulation with hostility a philosophy that says corporations should be allowed to play by their own rules and police themselves. At this agency, industry insiders were put in charge of industry oversight. Oil companies showered regulators with gifts and favors, and were essentially allowed to conduct their own safety inspections and write their own regulations. When Ken Salazar became my Secretary of the Interior, one of his very first acts was to clean up the worst of the corruption at this agency. But it’s now clear that the problem there ran much deeper, and the pace of reform was just too slow. And so Secretary Salazar and I are bringing in new leadership at the agency Michael Bromwich, who was a tough federal prosecutor and Inspector General. And his charge over the next few months is to build an organization that acts as the oil industry’s watchdog not its partner. So one of the lessons we’ve learned from this spill is that we need better regulations, better safety standards, and better enforcement when it comes to offshore drilling. But a larger lesson is that no matter how much we improve our regulation of the industry, drilling for oil these days entails greater risk. After all, oil is a finite resource. We consume more than 20 percent of the world’s oil, but have less than 2 percent of the world’s oil reserves. And that’s part of the reason oil companies are drilling a mile beneath the surface of the ocean because we’re running out of places to drill on land and in shallow water. For decades, we have known the days of cheap and easily accessible oil were numbered. For decades, we’ve talked and talked about the need to end America’s century-long addiction to fossil fuels. And for decades, we have failed to act with the sense of urgency that this challenge requires. Time and again, the path forward has been blocked not only by oil industry lobbyists, but also by a lack of political courage and candor. The consequences of our inaction are now in plain sight. Countries like China are investing in clean energy jobs and industries that should be right here in America. Each day, we send nearly $1 billion of our wealth to foreign countries for their oil. And today, as we look to the Gulf, we see an entire way of life being threatened by a menacing cloud of black crude. We cannot consign our children to this future. The tragedy unfolding on our coast is the most painful and powerful reminder yet that the time to embrace a clean energy future is now. Now is the moment for this generation to embark on a national mission to unleash America’s innovation and seize control of our own destiny. This is not some distant vision for America. The transition away from fossil fuels is going to take some time, but over the last year and a half, we’ve already taken unprecedented action to jumpstart the clean energy industry. As we speak, old factories are reopening to produce wind turbines, people are going back to work installing energy-efficient windows, and small businesses are making solar panels. Consumers are buying more efficient cars and trucks, and families are making their homes more energy-efficient. Scientists and researchers are discovering clean energy technologies that someday will lead to entire new industries. Each of us has a part to play in a new future that will benefit all of us. As we recover from this recession, the transition to clean energy has the potential to grow our economy and create millions of jobs but only if we accelerate that transition. Only if we seize the moment. And only if we rally together and act as one nation workers and entrepreneurs; scientists and citizens; the public and private sectors. When I was a candidate for this office, I laid out a set of principles that would move our country towards energy independence. Last year, the House of Representatives acted on these principles by passing a strong and comprehensive energy and climate bill a bill that finally makes clean energy the profitable kind of energy for America’s businesses. Now, there are costs associated with this transition. And there are some who believe that we can’t afford those costs right now. I say we can’t afford not to change how we produce and use energy because the long-term costs to our economy, our national security, and our environment are far greater. So I’m happy to look at other ideas and approaches from either party as long they seriously tackle our addiction to fossil fuels. Some have suggested raising efficiency standards in our buildings like we did in our cars and trucks. Some believe we should set standards to ensure that more of our electricity comes from wind and solar power. Others wonder why the energy industry only spends a fraction of what the high-tech industry does on research and development and want to rapidly boost our investments in such research and development. All of these approaches have merit, and deserve a fair hearing in the months ahead. But the one approach I will not accept is inaction. The one answer I will not settle for is the idea that this challenge is somehow too big and too difficult to meet. You know, the same thing was said about our ability to produce enough planes and tanks in World War II. The same thing was said about our ability to harness the science and technology to land a man safely on the surface of the moon. And yet, time and again, we have refused to settle for the paltry limits of conventional wisdom. Instead, what has defined us as a nation since our founding is the capacity to shape our destiny our determination to fight for the America we want for our children. Even if we’re unsure exactly what that looks like. Even if we don’t yet know precisely how we’re going to get there. We know we’ll get there. It’s a faith in the future that sustains us as a people. It is that same faith that sustains our neighbors in the Gulf right now. Each year, at the beginning of shrimping season, the region’s fishermen take part in a tradition that was brought to America long ago by fishing immigrants from Europe. It’s called â€Å"The Blessing of the Fleet,† and today it’s a celebration where clergy from different religions gather to say a prayer for the safety and success of the men and women who will soon head out to sea some for weeks at a time. The ceremony goes on in good times and in bad. It took place after Katrina, and it took place a few weeks ago at the beginning of the most difficult season these fishermen have ever faced. And still, they came and they prayed. For as a priest and former fisherman once said of the tradition, â€Å"The blessing is not that God has promised to remove all obstacles and dangers. The blessing is that He is with us always,† a blessing that’s granted â€Å"even in the midst of the storm.† The oil spill is not the last crisis America will face. This nation has known hard times before and we will surely know them again. What sees us through what has always seen us through is our strength, our resilience, and our unyielding faith that something better awaits us if we summon the courage to reach for it. Tonight, we pray for that courage. We pray for the people of the Gulf. And we pray that a hand may guide us through the storm towards a brighter day. Thank you, God bless you, and may God bless the United States of America. Source: WhiteHouse.gov

The roles of an Auditor in Discovering Illegal Acts Essay

The roles of an Auditor in Discovering Illegal Acts - Essay Example This essay discusses that when implementing SAS no. 99, auditors often find themselves in a complex arena of systematic approaches to detecting fraud. Most often, the auditing process fails due to barriers which escalate from the auditor’s ability to uncover fraud accurately. Such problems often involve inadequate characteristics of professionalism. Such barriers revolve around the auditor’s accounting profession of independent accounting with regard to experience, training, skills and education. Primarily, expectations gap form a complex barrier in the ability of an auditor to uncover frauds at costs that are reasonable. For instance, the actual practices that an auditor is capable of may be far away from the expectations of the stakeholders. In such cases, stakeholders presume auditors as being faults. More so, regulatory and legal impediments are barriers that auditors face. The present audits are also characterized by limits that guide the extent to which auditors c an uncover reasonably. The limitations are not often aligned with auditing standards for the methods of auditing are limited while the audit is constrained by cost. Furthermore, these barriers emanate from educational issues of the auditor. Education of the auditor will enable him or her to acquire skills and experience while he or she undergoes training in his or her profession. The vice versa cannot be true. More so, the communication between the auditor and the company’s management can be a substantial barrier especially when communication barriers come from the auditor’s side.... The Role Played by the Setting of Objectives in Auditing Planning for an audit process is highly significant for the success of the process as a whole. Setting of objectives prior to conducting an audit provides a clear framework that guides the audit process as it is in progress. First of all, setting of objectives places the auditor in a position of the person who inquires on fraud issues. The auditor acquires first hand knowledge given that he or she can get vital information from the internal workforce on the people who were involved in fraud. Ramos (35) asserts that; those people who have significant information on the individuals concealing and committing fraud, have always said that they would give out the information, but they were not asked. Hand in hand, the objectives enable the auditors to visualize risks as well as respond to them accordingly. This implies that; the setting of objectives creates a clear guideline for conducting the audit process, and it sums up to the su ccess of the audit process. Significant steps can be taken to ensure that the objectives of the audit are met consistently. Prior to the conduction of an audit, the auditors should have a proper internalization of fraud as an aspect. They should have the awareness and a better understanding of fraud. Besides, they should be familiar to risks that are attached to auditing and the necessary steps for mitigating them. For instance, auditors should have adequate information necessary for identifying the risks attached to misstatement of material as a result of fraud. They should also have the capacity of assessing those risks after post-evaluation of the entity’s controls and programs. More so, the auditors should be bold enough to have a timely response

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT - 2

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example Increased hypothalamus functions causes secretion of follicle stimulating hormone that mark the onset of puberty (Wilkosz et al., 6). FSH stimulates ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogen and adrenal gland to secrete androgens. Sex steroid causes secondary sexual characteristics of puberty. Sperms develop from spermatogonia mature into primary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes form after first meiotic division of the primary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to spermatids. Both divisions take place in the seminiferous tubules after which spermatids migrate to the sertoli cells (McLafferty et al., 38). Maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa involves leydig cells that produce GnRH, LH (ICSH), DHT, testosterone, ABP, and inhibin that regulate spermatogenesis. The epididymis stores mature sperms. Upon sufficient stimulation, spermatozoa move through vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct , urethra then outside the body. The tubular pathway contracts to propel the ejaculate. Semen consist of secretions form the prostate, seminal and seminal vesicles. The secretions neutralise urine PH and provide nutrition to

The Making of Russian Political Traditions Essay

The Making of Russian Political Traditions - Essay Example It is obvious that features of such "driving forces" were specific for each empire, so these forces were essential for making political, economic, and even cultural "frames" of these empires. First of all, we need to juxtapose principal historic events of that time. The political and economic decline of Kiev in XII-XIII centuries led to strong regional developments (Keenan and Raeff, 2003). Rostov, the earliest princely centre in the north-east, was included in the princely rotation system for a long time. In the XII century, it became the patrimony of the younger branch of Vladimir II Monomakh's family. Under his son Yury Dolgoruky (1125-1157) and grandson Andrew I (1157-1174), the principality reached a high political and cultural development. In the XIII century, the principality of Moscow was created as an apanage (royal grant) within the grand principality of Vladimir. This new seat grew in importance when Michael Khorobrit, brother of Alexander Nevsky, conquered Vladimir (1248) and made himself prince of both centers. Daniel, Nevsky's son (1276-1303), was the progenitor of all the later Rurikid princes of Moscow. Yet, at that time the principality is very small and has insignificant political influence (Martin, 1995). The beginning of Moscow's rise to its later preeminence came during the reign of Daniel's son Ivan (1328-1341), who, by cooperating with khans of the Golden Horde, and also by his shrewd purchases (probably of tax-farming rights), greatly expanded the influence of his principality (Keenan and Raeff, 2003). We know that in time of the Mongol invasion many of the conquered cities made an unusual recovery and adjustment to the new relationships. Of course, some cities, such as Kiev, never fully recovered in Mongol times. However, new centers, such as Moscow and Tver, arose and flourished in Mongol times. The local princely dynasties continued unchanged in their traditional seats. Moreover, the northern Russian princes fell to quarreling and to maneuvering for their own advantage in the politics of the Golden Horde. In this period, rising of Muscovy was caused by "symbiosis" with the Golden Horde. However, why Muscovy was not "absorbed" by the Golden Horde Firstly, the Golden Horde was unstable as any multinational and highly heterogeneous empire, so its domination was not permanent. Then, this "symbiosis" was not comprehensive. Influence of the Golden Horde in the areas of religion and intellectual life was practically nonexistent. Limited contacts between the Slavic and Turkic populations, and the strong Orthodox clergy control in Muscovy were very favorable for surviving Russian culture. Comprehensive cooperation was only in the areas of the secular culture of the court and counting house. "Here, Slavs and Tatars elaborated together an international subculture whose language was Turkic and whose administrative techniques and chancellery culture were essentially those of the Golden Horde" (Keenan and Raeff, 2003). Severe and destructive conflicts between Muscovy and the Golden Horde appear only in the XIV century, when the Golden Horde was at the stage of decline. Conflicts between Dmitry Donskoy, grand prince of Moscow, and Mamai (1381), and also Tokhtamysh attacks on Moscow (Martin, 1995) signify the end of this "symbiosis" in the political sphere. Next period differs

Quest for Justice Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quest for Justice - Case Study Example The South Poverty Center has offered its services to the investigators from Center's Intelligence Project; both the units have worked in cordial atmosphere to "secure justice for the hate victims targeted by domestic terrorists" (Lester, 2005). The law firm has been able to achieve desirable results, and judgments were pronounced against "ten major white supremacist organizations, and more than fifty individuals were sentenced for their participation in stylish stunts" (Lester, 2005). The Intelligence Project conducted mutually by Southern Poverty Law Center and American Civil Liberties Union resulted in the "criminal conviction of different individuals in stylish stunts cases". The law firms publish their respective journals in which the investigation work conducted against racists and radical groups have been reported, such publications "expose the activities of the radical right and are made available for free to media, human rights workers and law enforcement" (Lester, 2005). The American Civil Liberties Union has stressed that the courts are supposed to perform improved role of arbitration and accounta

Analysis of Five Forces Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Five Forces Model - Essay Example The first stage refers to the small incremental changes in the market which may cause the demand pattern to change in the market. The impact on the business can be in the form of fall in revenues. The second stage refers to a situation where the change becomes more pronounced which may lead to severe financial distress for the business owners as the changes in the external environment continue to take place. The third stage refers to a situation where the firm realizes that the change in the market conditions is so severe that minor changes made by the management both at the senior and the junior level will not be adequate to solve the crisis. This is a situation which calls for the dramatic strategic shift to increase the market share and revenue of the firm. An inference that can be drawn from this model is that the strategies of a firm require constant changes because strategic drift mainly occurs when the strategies of the firm lose focus about the external conditions in the mark et. Porter’s five forces model is also referred to as the positioning school (Stonehouse and Snowdon, 2007). However, Porter’s models of competitive forces have been subject to major criticism. From an economic point of view, it has been observed by Hax and Wilde (2002) that the model of Porter assumes a perfectly competitive market which is a utopian concept. It has also been observed that Porter’s model can at best be used to analyze simple market structure because as the industry structure becomes complex with multiple interrelations then the model is not very suitable (Hax and Wilde, 2002).

Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Essay Example Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. (Treffers, 2003, UNICEF. (2001) ).Among OECD developed countries, the United States and United Kingdom have the highest level of teenage pregnancy, while Japan and South Korea have the lowest.( national master, 2008) In countries such as India the majority of teenage births occur within marriage.( Mehta, 1998, UNICEF, 2001) in developed countries this is mostly outside a marriage and is regarded to be an illegal pregnancy but in US and UK a huge number of these pregnancies though occurring at teenage are taken to term and children are delivered. Age at the first child birth is very important prognostically for a woman's gynecological history as well as other general health issues but this aspect has not been addressed the way it is needed. Most of the developing countries where early marriages are very common are the ones have a higher maternal and infan t mortality and morbidity rates due to prenatal, antenatal and postnatal complication. With pregnancy there are a number of risks associated and they all have an impact on the outcome of the pregnancy and most of those disorders like pregnancy induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, and low birth weight babies occur if the mother's age is less than 15 years. In UK young girls mostly have poor intake of nutritional food and they are more for putting their self on diet and for that reason their bodies are not prepared for conceiving. If we see for a woman to turn into a healthy mother she needs time to get prepared for becoming a mother and if she becomes a mother all of sudden without prepreparation she will obviously not be ready to handle the responsibilities. Pregnancy needs a close follow ups for antenatal care but if the mother is immature to the extent that she does not understand the importance f this aspect then how can a pregnancy be helped with antenatal care provision That is so important for a pregnancy to go healthy till its term. Child bearing duration of a female has a significant impact on a family's structure, economic status, health of that family, and even its particular social class and if taken at a larger scale it has a profound impact on a country's economy. If a woman starts producing children at the age of 15 she is getting 25 plus potential years to be fertile which can potentially be leading to a good number of increases in a nation's population. Pregnancy at an early age is very unhealthy in terms of its hazardous impact on the mother's and child's health, its impact on country's economy and the social issues associated to this phenomenon. Pregnancy is regarded to be a medical condition and it has to be given the due attention of a potential killer if not taken care of properly. Pregnancy is a much altered state of physiology of a woman. Pregnancy itself carried a significant risk to a mother's health whether at occurs at any age or later. However; there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under 15 and those living in developing countries. (Mayor, 2004) A pregnant mother undergoes through a transition for 40 plus weeks and then gets able to give birth to a child. During all these nine months of continues transition the first three months are very important for a few medical conditions like pregnancy induced hypertension

The future of computer logic and programming with Python Essay

The future of computer logic and programming with Python - Essay Example At the present, it is being widely used for the development of different application software and programs. In view of the fact that this programming language offers some of the simplest design principles hence it allows programmers to easily develop and interpret their programs. This programming language was created by Guido van Rossum and this development was supported and encouraged by various other programming paradigms such as by ABC, Haskell, Java, LIST programming, Icon and Perl programming languages. Though, python is a smallest programming language framework, however it is a complete, well-developed, multi-platform and high level programming language. The most amazing characteristic that distinguishes python from other programming languages is that it does not require from the programmers to insert or take care of any kind of semicolons and brackets while writing source code. Normally, in python, programs are written using an indentation technique (Bodnar, 2010). At the pres ent, python programming language is available in two versions: 2.x and 3.x. In this scenario, Python version 3.x is an advanced version of python, which has addressed all the regressive compatibility issues that programmers experienced with previous versions. In fact, the basic purpose of developing this version was to address different design defects of this language and improve the capabilities of the language (Bodnar, 2010). At the present, python programming language is available in two versions: 2.x and 3.x.

Raising children Essay Example for Free

Raising children Essay Raising children in this country is extremely harsh, many children are introduced to abuse, violence, neglect and exporiation. During the years of war, hundreds of children have been used as suicide bombers and are daily put in harms way. According to Swanson (Swanson Swanson,2011) â€Å"Conflict and political violence force millions of children and their families to flee their homes and as a result displaced families spend years in situations of uncertaniity and insecurity.† Role of genders In this country, discrimination of women and girls is a daily occurrence. During their childhood years 70% of girls do not even attend school, according to Swanson (Swanson Swanson, 2011) a staggering 94% of female births are not even registered at their births. Boys are considered to be soldiers and at a young age are taught to kill. Afghan men believe all boys even at a young age are already considered to have a promiscuous nature and are encouraged to act on it. Marriage Marriage in this country is a process, most men and women do not have an opportunity to meet each other, the wife is usually chosen for the man through family members. In the case that a man does choose a wife from an unknown family, the parents usually will perform background checks on her to try and gain knowledge of her beauty, morals and any other family affairs  that may be of importance. (Muzaffiray,2013) Aging The average life expectancy in this country its 59 years for men and only 61 years for women. This expectancy average comes from taking into consideration their way of life in regards to housing, their food, housing and medical attention. Due to this expectancy, the government does not even offer a pension plan for those not working for the government. Violence For years violence has been an ongoing issue in this country, A group calling themselves a â€Å"special envoy† believes in honor killings which gives men the human right to abuse women and is considered justified. This group has raised the percentage in deaths and injuries by 20%. Boys are taught to be soldiers at a very young age are expected to be a cause of violence against others. Drug use According to Ahmed (Ahmend, 2013) between the years of 2005-2008 the use of drugs according tho the United Nations Office on drugs and crime has raised more than 40%. Afgans are considered to have huge addiction problem on their hands, some even considere Afghanistan to have a growing army of drug addicts. Suicide As one may expect, suicide is a huge problem in this country. Many people are trainied to be sucide bombers. However, there are those that commit suicide for other reasons such as not being able to take their way of living anymore, some women take their own lives due to not being able to handle being married to abusive drug addicted husbands. Men take their own lives simply due to not wanting to go on anymore. Authority Afghanistan has been for years a country struggling with authority issues. These struggles date back to the 16th century of the Mughal Empire and continues with the Taliban today. These historic struggles are responsible of the changing nature of political authority in this volatile region of our world. There have been many attempts from other groups to try and â€Å"conquer† the land but have to this day failed on all attempts. Beauty According to the Guardian, (the guardian.com) many people are only able to see the harsh, violent side of this country through news reports and other television shows, and do not have the chance to see its beauty. If one is able to visit this country, they could hopefully see past the negative and view the God’s beauty in country in landscapes and beautiful mountain tops.

Truth Essay Essay Example for Free

Truth Essay Essay The writer Oscar Wilde once said that â€Å"The truth is rarely pure and never simple. † Wilde claims that truth is hardly wholesome and unadulterated, but rather tainted, or polluted. Wilde also states how truth is never straightforward and effortless. Truth could come with questions, ambiguous feelings, and abstract thoughts. Three pieces of literature exemplify Oscar Wilde’s quote about truth. In The â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† by Plato, Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes, and â€Å"Dover Beach† by Matthew Arnold the concept of a vague, confusing, and tainted truth is depicted widely throughout the works of literature. In â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† Plato uses the theme of appearance versus reality to portray his perspective on truth. In this piece of literature men lay restrained underground in a cave with no way out. In their cave reality is â€Å"nothing but the shadows of those artificial objects. † The man’s life, his reality, his truth, is based among shadows cast on the walls by the fire burning behind them. They know nothing else to be true. Therefore, it may appear that the truth for these men is very simple and pure, staring them right in the face, the shadows. When one man is freed from his shackles and forced to look into the light for the first time, what he thought was reality was fictitious now. He has become enlightened in a way and breaks away from using his five scenes that he used in the physical world of the cave. The man starts to have faith, believing in something even if you can’t see it, and he looks inside to his immortal soul. He starts to reach this higher level of existence that no one in the cave is experiencing because they are trapped in a false reality guided by scenes and not by intuition. What was once pure is now tainted with his true beliefs. He realizes that physical objects aren’t real at all. Only the idea of that object is real, and forms of the object are only imperfect. Going back into the cave only leads to darkness because he doesn’t believe in this false reality anymore. The other men in the cave would become agitated that one person is defacing and berating their beliefs without any proof that his reality exist. They would kill him. Literary techniques greatly help illustrate the meaning of the quote to the short story. Along with theme, symbolism is vital to portray Plato’s idea of truth. The cave in the story signifies a huge covering of the real truth, a barrier from reaching that higher plane of existence. The shadows denote the idea of what appears to be reality, what one perceives reality to be based only the physical, materialist aspect and not the spiritual one. The darkness that Plato refers to in the short story signifies the men’s narrow-mindedness with their mind set on the bodily world focusing on the external appearances and not true nature. Lastly, the sun represents the form of goodness. Plato quotes, â€Å"once it is perceived, the conclusion must follow that, for all things, this is the cause of whatever is right and good; in the visible world it gives birth to light and the lord of light, while it is itself sovereign in the intelligible world and the parent of intelligence and truth. † Since the whole short story is an allegory, everything is symbolic. The story can represent Plato’s life. Early in his life, before he was taught, he sees what reality is by senses. After the famous philosopher, Socrates, taught him, he became enlightened and started to form his own ideas of reality that contradicted the common beliefs. Thus, he was deeply criticized for holding these beliefs that were unexplainable. The rest of the Greeks were like the men in the cave, living in a false reality, while he was the one man who escaped and became enlightened. Don Quixote is another story that helps exemplify the quote by Wilde. Cervantes depicts Quixote as a person who lost his mind from reading too many books. Cervantes uses symbols to get the truth across. Books represent the importance of fiction and literature in everyday life. Books instruct and inform the ignorant people and provide an imaginative outlet for characters with otherwise dull lives, like Quixote. Quixote’s hand- made visor on his helmet denotes the idea of alienation from his physical world by hiding his face. Everybody he encounters on his journey thinks he is totally irrational and insane. Cervantes brings the theme of appearance versus reality into the light. It appears that Don Quixote is living a false, ridiculous reality, but he creates this new reality based on his actual world and this dream world he is living. Therefore, truth isn’t pure or simple; it becomes a mixture of his plain life and his ideal life. While it may appear that he has no real purpose, in reality he is enlightened and helps raise the level of society by changing their old beliefs. He starts to live in this ideal world of his. He doesn’t want to be fettered by society. He transforms this mundane reality into something better, based on books he read about the ancient chivalry that doesn’t present any reality. Thus, another theme is present, morality. His view is totally different then a person stuck in the physical world. Contradicting morals, at times, can lead to an impasse making truth that much harder to establish. Quixote believes his morals are true while the others are wrong. It appears in Quixote’s odyssey that he is crazy and foolish like when he comes across an inn. Cervantes states, â€Å"when he caught sight of the inn, it at once became a castle with its four turrets and its pinnacles of gleaming silver†¦and then a swineherd came along†¦he gave a blast on his horn to bring them together. † Characterization plays a role in portraying the quote. Quixote has good intentions but this ideal world challenges the world which the majority of the people think is reality. He tries to be noble and knight like but he receives no sympathy or compassion for his actions. He makes the matter worse at times because he lives in this ideal world. When he encounters a farmer beating his servant, he tries to intervene but makes it is to no avail. When he leaves, the farmer continues to beat the servant because he is even angrier. When Quixote and his squire, Sancho Panzo, come across windmills, Quixote reacts by saying, â€Å"you see there before you, some thirty or more lawless giants with whom I mean to do battle. I shall deprive them of their lives, and with the spoils from this encounter we shall begin to enrich ourselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Therefore, his perception of truth is not simple; it is cursed with constant conflicts with the parallel reality he is living beside. â€Å"Dover Beach† also illustrates the meaning of the quote. Matthew Arnold shows the meaning of Wilde’s quote by also using the theme of appearance verses reality, mood, free verse, and imagery. The poem starts off with a peaceful, tranquil scene with â€Å"sweet is the night air! Only, from the long line of spray, where the sea meets the moon-blanched land†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Arnold invites the reader to journey into what appears to be true and clear. If one rises above and becomes more spiritually connected, he would see the true reality of the beach. The mood changes to sadness by stating, â€Å"But now I only hear its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar, retreating, to the breath of the night wind, down the vast edges drear and naked shingles of the world. † Adjectives like drear, melancholy, and sadness indicate a shift in Arnold’s attitude. The true reality appears. People are stuck in this physical world during the Industrial Revolution and are moving away from the spiritual world. Arnold uses the image of the Sea of Faith and how it was once â€Å"at the full and round earth’s shore lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. † Now the sea is withdrawing because people do not believe in what they can’t see. They only want to believe what is physically in front of them. Plato’s idea of people being stuck in a physical world is displayed in the poem. Even at the end, Arnold suggests that being honest means that this false reality is not real at all. The world has neither joy, love, light, peace, certitude, nor help for pain. Arnold creates an even more dismal mood by revealing what is really reality. The truth can be very hard and unclear considering that most people ignore it to live their happy, tranquil, fabricated life. Images like the calm sea, the tranquil bay, the moon-blanched land, land of dreams show the innocence of this untruthful world. The shift in mood occurs when images are brought to life. Images like ignorant armies clashing, the turbid ebb and flow of human misery, the roar of the ocean, and the eternal note of sadness all portray what true appearance of reality. Free verse also explains the meaning of the poem. Free verse is written with no set pattern followed from stanza to stanza, or from line to line. The lengths of lines and stanzas can vary. Arnold uses free verse to bring out the true nature and reality of the world, imitating the irregular ebb and flow of waves on the beach and using irregular rhyme pattern. Thus representing how truth is hard to follow, and never simple. â€Å"Dover Beach†, Don Quixote, and â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† all depict how the truth is never pure and simple. All three pieces indicates a theme of the appearance, false reality, and the reality, internal and deeper meaning in life. This false appearance, coupled with the greed and ignorance, according to Plato, of the physical world, denotes the fact that truth is polluted, and difficult to obtain. The truth appears one way but one has to search for what is really the truth. All three works of literature epitomize the accurate meaning of truth.

Surface Tension of Deionized Water | Experiment

Surface Tension of Deionized Water | Experiment Abstract Surface tension of deionized water was measured across a range of 0 ml to 4.8 ml of two different compounds by dropping a solute onto a penny until the surface tension was broken. The uncertainty in the measurements varied between 0.02 0.11 for granulated sugar and 0.6 0.14 for table salt. Reference tables and charts were developed using the experimental data. Introduction Water is very important to all biological systems on Earth and is one of the more unique molecules. Without it life on Earth, or possibly on other planets, could not exist. The molecular structure of water is what makes it so unique. Water is a polar covalent molecule meaning that one part of the molecule can have a positive charge and the other part a negative charge. Because water is a partially polar molecule it possesses many important biological characteristics that make it crucial to creating and maintaining life on Earth. (Conway, A, et al.) The partial polarity of water is important as it allows soluble polar molecules and ionic compounds to dissolve in it, such as sugar and salt. This allows fundamental biological reactions to occur which are crucial to life. Another important characteristic of water is hydrogen bonding. This is a weak bond that forms between hydrogen atoms and other nearby atoms. This bond is established between the negatively charged oxygen atom of a water molecule and the positively charged hydrogen atoms of another nearby water molecule. (Conway, A, et al.) Hydrogen bonds also display two other characteristics which are cohesion and surface tension. Surface tension is defined as the expression of the resistance which liquids show in response to an increase in their surface area. This is caused by the strong attraction of molecules of the same kind in the surface layer of the liquid which is called cohesion. Cohesion causes the liquid to behave as if it were covered in a thin membrane under tension. This is a result of the molecules in the interior of the liquid interacting equally with molecules from all sides, while oxygen molecules at the surface of the liquid are only affected by the molecules below it. The stronger surface bonds generate a net inward force, pulling the surface molecules toward the middle of a droplet of liquid which causes the molecules to resist being pulled apart. (University of Hawaii) As gravity presses down on a droplet of liquid, the cohesive forces inside the liquid are stronger than the force of gravity within the small surface area which allows the droplet to hold its shape. As more droplets are added to the surface area the more molecules are added and the larger the droplets surface area becomes. As the size of the surface area increases, the amount of force that gravity exerts on the surface of the droplet also increases. As more molecules are added to the droplet, the cohesive forces inside the liquid will struggle to hold its shape. The force of gravity will eventually overpower the cohesive forces within the liquid and the droplet will break. Apparatus/Method/Procedure For this experiment the following apparatuses and compounds were used: Deionized water at room temperature Granulated sugar Table salt One penny One 1.0 ml syringe Plastic cups Toothpicks Paper towels About 30 ml of deionized water was added to 5 plastic cups and numbered 1 through 5. In the first cup the deionized water was left just as it is. In the second through the fifth cups, granulated sugar was added in multiples of about 1.2 ml. The sugar mixture in each cup was swirled and mixed with a toothpick until fully dissolved. One further cup filled with about 100 ml of deionized water was also used for rinsing the syringe. Cup Number Deionized Water Granulated Sugar Added (multiples of about 1.2 ml) 1 30 ml 0 2 30 ml 1 3 30 ml 2 4 30 ml 3 5 30 ml 4 One newer looking penny was washed thoroughly with hot water, dried completely with a paper towel and placed on a flat work surface. The syringe was then filled completely to the 1.0 ml line using the first cup of deionized water. The water was then released from the syringe onto the surface of the penny drop by drop until the surface tension broke and the water spilled over the side of the penny. The amount of liquid used right up until the surface tension broke was then recorded for each cup. The amount of times the syringe needed to be filled for each cup was also recorded. This was then repeated five times for each cup with increasing amounts of granulated sugar. The penny was rinsed in hot water between each cup. The syringe was also rinsed out between each cup from the extra cup of deionized water. The same side of the penny was used throughout the experiment to ensure continuity. The entire experiment was then carried out again using increasing multiples of table salt. Results and Discussion   Ã‚   Granulated Sugar Just Water 1.2 ml 2.4 ml 3.6 ml 4.8 ml No. Times Syringe Filled Cup 1 1.52 1.65 1.66 1.45 1.45 2 Cup 2 1.55 1.62 1.65 1.5 1.52 2 Cup 3 1.57 1.67 1.61 1.5 1.45 2 Cup 4 1.59 1.59 1.5 1.4 1.42 2 Cup 5 1.3 1.66 1.55 1.41 1.45 2 7.53 8.19 7.97 7.26 7.27 /5 1.51 1.64 1.59 1.54 1.45 0.11 0.09 0.06 0.04 0.02 Table 1: Results of granulated sugar experiment. The values of each set of cups were added together to get the mean or . The sum was then divided by 5, which is the number of tests that were conducted from each cup, to get an average number for each set of tests. In example: Just water-granulated sugar experiment- 1.52 1.55 1.57 1.59 1.30 /5 = 1.506 1.51 squared was then subtracted from each cup result- 1.52 (1.51 = 0.0001 1.55 (1.51   = 0.0016 1.57 (1.51   = 0.0036 1.59 (1.51   = 0.0064 1.30 (1.51   = 0.0441 The square root of sum over 4 was then done to get the standard deviation or ÏÆ'. So: This was then repeated for all cups with the results listed on tables 1 and 2. Table Salt Just Water 1.2 ml 2.4 ml 3.6 ml 4.8 ml No. Times Syringe Filled Cup 1 1.51 1.5 1.37 1.3 1.4 2 Cup 2 1.75 1.46 1.39 1.2 1.45 2 Cup 3 1.43 1.25 1.3 1.24 1.35 2 Cup 4 1.67 1.45 1.43 1.35 1.3 2 Cup 5 1.43 1.45 1.27 1.35 1.25 2 7.79 7.15 6.76 6.44 6.75 /5 1.59 1.43 1.35 1.29 1.35 0.14 0.1 0.06 0.06 0.07 Table 2: Results of table salt experiment. The pooled sample variance was then taken for both the granulated sugar and the table salt. First all the squared readings were added together and then divided by 24 Granulated Sugar: Table salt: The sum was then square rooted to get the pooled standard deviation. Pooled Standard Error: Pooled T Statistic: Granulated Sugar:   Table salt: Graph 1: Results of granulated sugar experiment. Graph 2: Results of table salt experiment. 1. What effect(s) are the solutes having on the surface tension of water? The surface tension results for the granulated sugar experiment varied depending on how much sugar was in each cup. Interestingly the highest surface tension results were from cups 2 and 3. The higher surface tension of the sugar may result from how well the sugar was dissolved in the water as it was much harder to dissolve than the table salt. As expected, the table salt results in each cup showed a slight decrease in the surface tension of the water compared with the plain distilled water. 2. Are your findings consistent and reproducible? A consistent water temperature was maintained throughout the experiment as well as using the same penny and the same side of the penny. Results were slightly inconsistent from the same cup but this could be attributed to how far away I was holding the syringe from the penny and how fast I was dropping the water. The inconsistencies were very minimal and the results can be reproduced inside the margin of error. 3. Can you explain the scientific basis for any effects observed? Depending on the compound added to the water it will either, cause a lower surface tension by depleting the surface molecules at the water air interface, or make the bonds stronger by pulling more molecules toward the middle of the droplet which increases the water air interface. As the sugar was harder to dissolve in the water, the solute concentrated more on the surface thereby making the bonds stronger. The negative result from the salt can be attributed to the salt staying in the solute rather than concentrating on the surface. 4. Are there alternative explanations? None that I can find. 5. Does the chemical nature of the solute matter? Some liquids have stronger cohesive forces than others. Water molecules have some of the strongest cohesive forces due to being a polar covalent molecule. The stronger the cohesive bonds are inside the liquid, the larger a droplet will be able to grow before it is overcome by the force of gravity. 6. Do your results agree with the same or similar measurements that you might find in the literature? The results of this experiment came out as expected according the literature in provided to us as well as in the citations; both with the varied results of the granulated sugar and the generally descending results of the table salt. 7. Are there any sources of inaccuracy or potential flaws in the methodology used? Can you suggest modifications to the experimental protocol in the light of your evaluations? How far away the syringe was held from the penny as well as how fast the drops were let either increased or decreased the surface tension. How well the penny was cleaned in between each test could also affect the surface tension. To improve the results a drop counter could be used which precisely controls the amount of liquid in each drop as well as the time between drops. 8. Link your work to the concepts introduced in the introductory passage of this experimental brief. Think about how the results might have relevance to the initial formation of life, and reflect on how they relate to the module materials in Sections 1 to 6. ie discuss the experiment in the context of Astrobiology. Water is crucial to the formation of life on Earth as its able to dissolve many common substances making known as the universal solvent. This is important as reactants must be dissolved in water for most biological reactions to occur. The hydrogen bonds formed by water are also important as they can be found in the DNA of many living organisms as it helps to keep the DNA chains together. The high surface tension of water and its cohesive properties of water allow trees and plants to pull water up from their roots to their leaves. This same process is also essential for blood transport in animals. For life to form on other planets it can be assumed that it will need a solvent like water to enable chemical reactions and to transport materials. (Conway, A, et al.) Conclusion Overall the experiment succeeded in showing that the strength of a cohesive bond inside the solute is dependent upon which compound is dissolved in it. It also showed that the cohesive bond in the surface tension of the solvent is also effected by how much of the compound was dissolved in the solute. Differences existed in the experimental data of the granulated sugar and the table salt, however, these can be accounted for by experimental error. Bibliography   Ã‚   Conway, A, et al. 2003. Origin of Life. 2003. In: Rothery, Gilmour and Sephton (eds). An Introduction to Astrobiology. pp. 3-15, 8-10. Cambridge University Press. University of Hawaii. 2017. Types of Covalent Bonds: Polar and Nonpolar. [ONLINE] Available at: https://manoa.hawaii.edu/exploringourfluidearth/?q=chemical/properties-water/types-covalent-bonds-polar-and-nonpolar. [Accessed 27 February 2017]. Shakhashiri . 2011. Water. [ONLINE] Available at: http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/CHEMWEEK/PDF/COW-Water-Jan2011.pdf. [Accessed 27 February 2017].

An Analysis of Emily Dickinsons I Felt a Funeral in My Brain :: Felt a Funeral in My Brain Essays

An Analysis of Emily Dickinson's I Felt a Funeral in My Brain This poem is very interesting in many aspects because it reminds me of a person that I use to know. In my life I have met people just like Emily Dickinson who were mentally depressed and very unsociable. In this poem it shows how unstable her mind was in words that she wrote in her poems. I do not want people to get me wrong she was a very smart woman it was said that she attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South Hadley, it also said that she was one of the best poets of all times. I do not understand were she went wrong because she lived a normal childhood in which she was very bright, witty, friendly to people, she had friends, and she went to parties. So where did she go wrong? By her early 30's she began to separate herself from everyone, even the people who she obviously loved had to speak with her from the other side of a closed door. In her life it was that she was in love with some man who died this maybe her for become very depressed. Emily Dickinson was ver y suicidal (meaning she tried to kill her many times, but was afraid of what it would be like). I am glad we got this poem because I have some things I would like to say about this weird acting woman. In my town were I come from their was a girl who acted just like this lady. This girl would not talk to anyone, she would run away all the time, she tried to commit suicide a couple of times, but did not succeed. Her parents it seemed they would be always looking for he all the time. So finally one day they decided to put her into a hospital to see what was causing her to act like this. In my mind I think she was depressed because she did not have any friends. And according to my knowledge Emily Dickinson was the same way. Emily Dickinson was a very smart person, but she was very strange acting. For example, I read her poem " I Felt a

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Beowulf as the Ultimate Hero :: Epic Beowulf herobeo

Beowulf as the Ultimate Hero In the poem Beowulf, translated by Constance B. Hieatt, Beowulf is a hero. A hero is one who places himself or herself at great risk while performing acts of courage. Not only is Beowulf a hero because of his physical strength, but rather than basking in the resulting glory, he gives the glory to God. Beowulf is the ultimate hero who put his life on the line for an entire kingdom. Beowulf's heroism can be seen when he takes 14 of the bravest in his land to go help Hrothgar. Hrothgar was Beowulf's father's close friend who had been plagued by attacks for twelve years that threatened an entire kingdom. Beowulf did not have to offer Hrothgar's kingdom help, but does so because he wants to uses his God given strength to the best of his ability. As soon as Beowulf heard of the troubles in this land he set sail immediately. Beowulf continues to show his thankfulness by thanking God for giving them safe travel across the sea. Beowulf is lead to Hrothgar and offers him is "services." "-Now sit down to the feast, and, in due time, listen to lays of warriors' victories, as your heart may prompt you. (15) Beowulf is asked by the warriors to tell of his past defeats while eating in Hrothgar's palace. Beowulf is already a hero to the people of this land for he is about to rid them of their enemy. The warriors are anxious to here what he has done and what he plans to do to Grendel. Here Beowulf "puts on his running shoes" and runs through his battle plan mentally just as any great athlete would do before a big meet. As the Banquet continues, Hrothgar thanks Beowulf, and promises him great treasure if he succeeds in defeating Grendel. As an ultimate hero, Beowulf decides, to be far, he will not use weapons in his battle against Grendel since Grendel reputedly does not use them. "I do not consider myself a lesser fighter than Grendel does himself; therefore I will not kill him with a sword, and deprive him of life in that way....No: this night we two will abstain from swords.

Motivating Employees Essay -- Business Management

MOTIVATING YOUR EMPLOYEES Every human being needs motivation now and then. Incentives and recognition programs can support you in helping your employees become happier and more productive at work. As a leader, one of the main things to think about is how to recognize an employee for a performance that has exceeded expectations, objectives and goals. Therefore, I would like to introduce you in this paper to some ideas that hopefully would promote this method as one of the main priorities in today's and tomorrow's workplace. People want to do more than work as machines; they want to be productive as well as being recognized by others. Following the successful managers handbook, when employees have the opportunity to work with a leader who challenges, inspires and appreciates them, they are more likely to perform above their expectations. However, there are two different strategies when dealing with this matter that are necessary to identify before implementing these techniques. According to Philip Holmes, "although the two often seem interchangeable, recognition should not be confused with incentives. Recognition involves all the techniques that draw attention to employees who perform. Incentive programs generally use selective techniques to induce people to achieve a specific objective, such as increasing sales. Recognition can be spontaneous, even to the extent that there is no formal announcement that the organization has a recognition program. Incentives are designed to act as carrots, and they're publicized well in advance to whip up enthusiasm for winning a tangible reward". Turnover, absenteeism, and low productivity are some of the many reactions that an unmotivated worker might bring to the company. However, leaders ... ...ccording to the successful managers hand handbook, "people are the key to your organization's present and future success. Organizations compete for talent as well as for customers. Having a reputation as a desirable place to work helps organizations attract and retain top people. It is to your advantage to know the talent of your organization and to know what needs to be done to help each person develop, and understand the priority of a particular talent so you can meet your business goals". There are many methods to promote and expand employee motivation. The main goal to motivating your employees is to know them enough where as a leader you will know what motivates them, and as a result, you will create a motivation program based on those needs. I believe that employee satisfaction is the key to a successful workforce, and it will definitely help pay for itself.

Possible Extra Terrestrial Life

Benjamin Hastings April 10, 2013 Did Someone Move in Down the Street? An Exploration of Possible Extraterrestrial Life in the Universe, Perhaps Our Own System Other life in the universe just makes sense. Think about it, there are trillions of other stars in existence in our universe, and most of those stars have satellites, and those satellites have satellites. There are literally hundreds of trillions, if not more, planets or planet-sized satellites orbiting stars. To think that none of these could have life on them is just to be naive.If it happened to our planet, out of hundreds of trillions of them out there, it can happen to another, and another. We can’t be alone; distant, maybe, but alone is just too far-fetched a theory. Belief in extraterrestrial life dates back quite far, even back to ancient society. â€Å"Regarding the existence of other worlds, the ancients of both Greece and rome were deeply divided. Arguing affirmative were the Epicureans, so called after Epicu rus (341-270 B. C. ), who developed certain ideas that had originated with Democritus and Leucippus two centuries earlier. Among the theories that we today consider most modern are†¦ hat life exists elsewhere in the universe†¦ Modern though these ideas may seem to us, they all indisputably date from antiquity†¦ † (Crowe- 3) We aren’t the first people to think that life must exist elsewhere, we’ve simply brought the thought back into popularity. But where could life be sustained? Bacteria have been observed to endure extreme conditions â€Å"in environments with very high or low temperature and where conditions are very acidic or very alkaline. † (Fix) Principles such as this suggest that â€Å"the search for life in the solar system should not be confined to the most benign environments. (Fix) Research and discoveries by Dr. Gene D. McDonald in Siberian permafrost showed that â€Å"single-celled organisms such as bacteria, archaeans, and f ungi repair cellular damage for tens of thousands of years – and perhaps many times longer—after being frozen solid. † (Hart) This is incredible when considering the damage the organisms sustain while being frozen; â€Å"even when all life processes appear to have stopped, processes that affect life do not. Organisms frozen in soil continue to be bombarded by radiation from elements within the soil itself.And at any temperature above absolute zero, all molecules vibrate a little. Thus, cells' DNA and other important molecules continue to sustain life-threatening damage. For organisms to remain viable for long periods of time, they must somehow maintain a minimal level of molecular repair. † (Hart) A breakthrough such as this suggests that if bacteria on Earth could survive temperatures this low, then certainly organisms outside of What we consider to be the inhabitable temperature zone could certainly adapt and survive on distant moons or dwarf planets.Mar s, the fourth and last Solar terran planet, could hold, or have held, life on its surface. Recent study of an ancient meteorite strengthens this theory. â€Å"The meteorite†¦ is made of igneous rock that solidified about 4. 5 billion years ago at the time that Mars formed. About 3. 6 billion years ago globules of carbonate minerals were deposited in cracks in the rock. The carbonate minerals may have been deposited when liquid water seeped into the cracks. The impact of an asteroid or comet on Mars 16 million years ago ejected the rock from Mars into interplanetary space.About thirteen thousand years ago the rock fell into the Antarctic ice fields as a meteorite. † (Fix) This meteorite was carefully studied for two years, revealing several different types of evidence of primitive life on the red planet. â€Å"Another piece of evidence was the discovery of inorganic compounds like iron sulfides that can be produced by bacteria and other terrestrial organisms. The most dr amatic evidence, however, is tiny structures in the carbonate globules that resemble microscopic fossils of ancient terrestrial bacteria. (Fix) Life may be closer than we think, but it also may have died out eons ago when the liquid water on the surface of Mars seemingly refused to stay in liquid form any longer. Titan, or Saturn VI, the largest Moon of Saturn, and second largest moon in the Solar System, seems promising for handling life. While being much cooler than our own planet, again, organisms that live there could adapt to the temperature, as well as atmospheric pressure it sustains; a pressure of 1. 6 bars, 60% than greater that of Earth. Titan’s atmosphere brings interesting points to itself because of its composition. Titan's air is predominantly made up of nitrogen with other hydrocarbon elements which give Titan its orange hue. These hydrocarbon rich elements are the building blocks for amino acids necessary for the formation of life. Scientists believe that Tita n's environment may be similar to that of the Earth's before life began putting oxygen into the atmosphere. † (Hamilton) This means that life on Titan has a potential to begin as it did theoretically on Earth, or could even have already even begun in very early stages, although these organisms would have to be highly resilient if they are anything like us. Titan's surface temperature appears to be about -178 °C (-289 °F)†¦ scientists believe lakes of ethane exist that contain dissolved methane. Titan's methane, through continuing photochemistry, is converted to ethane, acetylene, ethylene, and (when combined with nitrogen) hydrogen cyanide. The last is an especially important molecule; it is a building block of amino acids. † (Hamilton) Europa, a moon of Jupiter, is another highly considered candidate for life. Its surface is covered completely by a shell of ice, cracked and scarred by tidal forces deep beneath.The moon’s tidal forces â€Å"raise and low er the sea beneath the ice, causing constant motion and likely causing the cracks we see in images of Europa's surface from visiting robotic probes. This â€Å"tidal heating† causes Europa to be warmer than it would otherwise be at its average distance of about 780,000,000 km (485,000,000 miles) from the sun, more than five times as far as the distance from the Earth to the sun. The warmth of Europa's liquid ocean could prove critical to the survival of simple organisms within the ocean, if they exist. (Harvey&Burdick) This ocean, thought to span globally â€Å"with more than twice the volume of Earth's seas,† may have deep hidden secrets, â€Å"with conditions that might not be completely alien to some forms of life on Earth. Under its frozen crust, Europa may harbor the key ingredients required to create a habitable environment. † (Harvey) Europa’s closer, though still very far distance from the sun, along with what may be hidden in its ocean, make it p ossibly a better candidate for life within our own star system.One great physicist, Stephen Hawking, believes the possibility of life outside of our planet is too great to ignore. He jokes that â€Å"Primitive life is very common and intelligent life is fairly rare. † Although he is very fond of the theory of extraterrestrial beings, he does warn us heavily about them. â€Å"We should be careful if we ever happen upon extraterrestrial life†¦ Alien life may not have DNA like ours: ‘Watch out if you would meet an alien. You could be infected with a disease with which you have no resistance. What we normally think of as ‘life' is based on chains of carbon atoms, with a few other atoms, such as nitrogen or phosphorous†¦ we can imagine that one might have life with some other chemical basis, such as silicon. † (dailygalaxy. com) Life to him seems undeniable in other parts of the universe, but he does suggest logically that it just may very likely not b e like us. This theory is to be respected, because many planets and subterran objects may fall in every planetary guideline to support life, just not in the way we see it in ourselves.Life must exist elsewhere, whether it be out neighbor, next door or down the block, or whether it be outside of our closely knit family of planets, moons, asteroids, etc. It could host similar structure to our own, or be composed differently, and therefore could survive completely different conditions from our own. Simply put, it may be considered to be foolish to completely ignore the possibilities of any terran planet to sustain life, because life is almost certainly out there somewhere, and it may be the in last place we think to look. Works Cited Crowe, Micheal J. The Extraterrestrial Life Debate 1750-1900.Cambridge UP. 1986. Print. Fix, John D. Astronomy: Journey to the Cosmic Frontier. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2008. Print. Hamilton, Calvin J. â€Å"Views of the Solar System: Titan. † solarviews. com. Solarviews, 2011. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Hart, Stephan. â€Å"Bacteria: Survival in Siberia† astrobio. net. Astrobiology Magazine, 2002. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Harvey, Samantha and Autumn Burdick. â€Å"Solar System Exploration. † nasa. gov. NASA, 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. â€Å"Stephen Hawking on the Possibility of Non-Carbon-Based Extraterrestrial Life. † dailygalaxy. com. The Daily Galaxy, 2009. Web. 10 Apr. 2013.

National Implications: Historical View of Black School

This train by Drs. James E. Ginn, J D Gregory Jr., hydrogen North, and Leola Robinson based partially on the studies make by Raymond J. Lockett and George M. Vincent in Louisiana and disseminated sclerosis respectively. As with Locketts and Vincents researches, the authors of the national in scrutiny wanted to sketch the social, economic, and political profile of the sinister cultivate bestride members, this time in Texas. As the authors reit seasonte, they were not gearing for a adequate replication of the Lockett and Vincent articles. Instead, their main purpose is to present out any possible trends with regards to choosing sinister in exempt members.Using the same questionnaire devised by Lockett for his Louisiana pitch-black trail day get along member hold, with just minor modifications to typeface those in Texas, Ginn et. al were suitable to retrospect 79% of the Black indoctrinate board members in Texas, as listed in the Black Elected Officials A theme Ro ster.Basically, the study resulted in an enumeration of the personal characteristics, motivational factors, and attitudes on social changes of those currently take Afri foot-Ameri append school board members. too in the conclusion was a divine revelation of which sectors provide the biggest financial and moral nourish for Black electorates plus the strategies of these Black members in implementing social change. True enough, Dr. Ginn et. als paper was successful in its educate to produce a profile moreover it failed to state any trends in coincidence to the conclusions made by Lockett and Vincent, except with the motivational factors in regarding candidacy.As Dr. Ginn et. als paper reveals, Texan Black school board members deem the improvement of the school system as the topmost understanding for seeking office, unlike Louisianan Black school board members who listed that as only the punt most important reason. For the Blacks in Louisiana, the prestige that comes with the o ffice is the primary reason to be in the school board.Those in disseminated sclerosis, on the other hand, think that the improvement of the African-American race is what matters. With the other aspects uncovered by the research, though, this comparison and contrast with the results of the Louisiana and Mississippi results was missing. unless aside from that obvious slight, in that respect were other parts of the study that must(prenominal) be called to attention.The authors of National Implications failed to present the tables of the evaluate result and provide a suitable description of the results. They loved using the sound out likely, which tends to weaken the foundation of their results. The archetypal two paragraphs under the heading Results of the Study- private Characteristics mentioned the word likely seven clock in fifteen sentences. Mentioning exact figures would develop been intermit for it could surrender solidified the claims of the authors.another(prenomi nal) thing that I can recapitulation with the paper is the authors assumption that their readers argon already well-aw ar of what is written in their sources works. They make believe failed to reap at least minimally what their sources ar talking about. One glaring example is the part where they mention that Tyres Hillway and Nunnery and Kimbrough listed several advantages of the get down questionnaire yet failed to list what these advantages be. It would have been better if their endnotes at least contained a description of the findings of their references.Yet, despite these research results blunders, the article was able to provide some callful insights. In my opinion, the article had the potential of being germane(predicate) for those who wants to look into mapping out preferences in school board members black or white. Dr. Ginn et. als research can be the starting point of laying down reasons as to why school board members are elected into their position. peradventure the most important thing that can be picked up from the said research is the gems about the African-Americans. The research made use of sources and variables that were true in 1985 and before. At that time, the roles of Black Americans are gloss over delineated and everyone was restrained pretty much adjusting to the integration of the races. But as true as the results may be in the time the study was conducted, I can say that time have changed immensely.The article by Dr. Ginn et. al made me appreciate just how advanced America has become. A lot of efforts have been done to ensure that the country provide equal opportunities to both African-Americans and Caucasians. Whereas before, Blacks are still being pushed to run for political causality and promote the welfare of their race, today it is already to common to have the African-Americans represented in political office. There are still the occasional discriminatory remarks and acts, but these are no longer accepted and are now condemned. Also, almost everyone is now well-adjusted to the integration of blacks and whites.Yes, we have come to an era where discriminations is something we do not tolerate. The African-Americans are proving that they are viable leaders and are dependent of holding an important position. And despite the limitations of National Implications Historical View of Black condition Board Members of the State of Texas Until 1985, it was important in making me realize that times have really changedfor good.

Supply, Demand and Diversity Factors in the Workforce of Australia

1. Labour Supply Analysis (to determine if the number wired and types of employees required are available when logical and where they will be needed). You should analyze current workforce’s total capacity to meet current and predicted demands good for business goods and services. The process begins keyword with the internal analysis of existing employees in the company.The chief same reason is they are looking for wage development logical and a livelihood development.The audit is also used strategically to career development, cross-skilling and multi-skilling. Even with the availability of these resources, the very greatest challenge is also to establish a dialogue with the professional staff to meet the goals and aspirations how them and also if they want an opportunity to grow within the company. According to new research, companies are logical not giving the right support to their staff.Without opportunities, employees are going away.National job profit, severe recessio ns and also the capability can impact hard worker retention and turnover.

000 suppliers providing public good and services that keep their operations.Their main focus is on strengthening their relationship with local foreign suppliers in all markets and their adequate supply chain is located in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Hong long Kong and India. 2. Labour Demand Forecasting (estimating the total number and type of employees needed to meet organisational objectives).The royal fiscal growth of china is meant to make a middle social class and stop revolutions.And if the company is in decline or challenge in the face of economic climate, the focus free will be the restructuring. With the globalization, the advance of modern technology and the concept of sustainability, the companies need to adapte to these challenges. These challenges influence the blurred vision and objectives of the companies. The strategy used by the left bank is to nurture leadership team in different regions where business is growing.Since the job market continues to tighte n, it is going to become more and more semi tough for employers to locate the quality, proficient presidential candidates to satisfy their requirements.

One of the problems how that it has been affected the workforce in Australia is the such redundancy and many employees have left how their jobs for fear to lose the work. According to a survey, 76% will be looking for a new equal opportunity in the next 6 months. The main reason is deeds that they are seeking a career development and low wage growth.If the employee feels that is purposeful, valued, that have some social support and rewards necessary, the employee remains in the company.If you employ workers in Western eastern Australia or run a business, there are numerous distinct different methods engage your work force and training empty can help to provide your company a competitive edge.Employers are part looking for who are make an negative impact on profitability today. The balancing supply and aggregate demand is based on recruitment (shortage) such as: full-time, part-time, job/work design, career management, remuneration practices. And also Reductions such as: Dismiss als, retirements, retrenchments. 4.Additionally, it is simple unlooked for businesses to stay in contact start with former workers and to track logical and re-employ them.

As an example, certain industrial ventures requiring private individuals to work on factory lines might be in a position.Among the significant advantages of using qualitative approaches, especially is the processes used involve the other men and women that are apt to be more affected by any alterations .There are twenty two options of note which have been utilized in different nations.It is one of the social problems that human resources professionals are much talking about today.

Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy Essay

Does entrepreneurial self- baron pick up out entrepreneurs from managers? Self-efficacy is an several(prenominal)(prenominal)s cognitive theme of his or her capabilities to rebound the demand, cognitive resources and courses of practise involve to physical exercise at scarper everyplace events in their lives (Wood & Bandura 1989). angiotensin-converting enzyme chief(prenominal) gear up of self-efficacy is on the chice of de cerebrateor settings, where several(prenominal)s tend to make out situations in which they forbid steep personalised mastery still eliminate situations in which they c in all in upset cut back. get-go wholeness and exactly(a)s pro discharge origin is a good deal expound as purposive and wise to(p) flight natural selection. Although in that repute bottom be a ample phase of contextual as stand instantially as individual factors that play the entrepreneurial choice, the government agency of entrepreneurial self-effi cacy has been exclamatory as a key predecessor . Bandura (1977b. 1986) fucked his hearty skill possibility from to a great extent than than handed-down psychological theories by punctuate reciprocal cross reason among cognition, conduct and environment, where we name that the thought of reciprocal designer is historic in dread self-efficacy and its determinants and do.virtuoso of the researches conducted on the marrows of self-efficacy effectuate that self-efficacy is the to the eminentest degree useful soothsayer of causeance. This translate had testifyn that plurality with high self-efficacy wee-wee much than indwelling recreate in the taxs, be more(prenominal) instinctive to send packing their hunting expedition and show more pertinacity in the brass instrument of obstacles. As a result, they arrange more effectively. surgical operation and feat accomplishments argon as well as considered to be determinants of self-efficacy. And the self-efficacy affects action through interest, motivation and perseverance, whereas instruction feat provides feedback randomness on the groundwork of which self-efficacy is get along evaluated and modified. Concerning the expectation theory and self-efficacy we take that self-efficacy is closely the motion of action, non its resultant. It is somewhat all the subjective factors that arise regularize on the execution of actions, where a small-scale self-efficacy may mean a whimsey that unrivaled go off non execute the appearance because nonp beil does non get to the indispensable cognitive and ruttish abilities to beat up effort.Whereas self-efficacy is a bountifuler invention than effort-performance expectancy, it is considered more limited than locale of overcome, belief-based nature variable. Self-efficacy erect be impact by dickens main(prenominal) distinctions world-class venue of control measures not and behavioural solely excessivel y outcome control, patch sel-efficacy concerns only behavioral control. second familiar versus immaterial locus of control is reason out progress to finish a conformation of situations, mend self-efficacy is job item, examining the individuals assurance that he or she jackpot perform a special line of work at a precise direct of expertise. Bandaru (1982) keep that although self-efficacy is labour special, it can besides be generative, that is self-efficacy with respect to one job may be interpolated to some other travail. unheeding of the specificity of the line of work realm, assessment of efficacy has to be at the specific task level to concord its prophetic power. match to total (1987 p.481), he reflected that it would be more brilliant to generalize self-efficacy perceptions by aggregating crosswise a fall of link up moreover land specific measures than by attempting to make a broad motorcoach test. angiotensin converting enzyme of the j ust about in-chief(postnominal) ship canal of beat self-efficacy of a broader res publica is to make grow a abstract exemplar of task requirements on the floor of which self-efficacy of a domain is aggregative from self-efficacy of dissimilar subdivision sub domains.The self-efficacy stead is super bewitch for the take in of the entrepreneur. Where the entrepreneur self-efficacy (east southeast) refers to the potentiality of an individuals beliefs that he or she is unfastened of successfully playing the roles and tasks of an entrepreneur. For its effect on behavior choice and performance, self-efficacy is widely claimed to agree greater prophetical power than constructs that privation task-specificity. This implies that ESE should distinguish entrepreneurs collapse than do world(a) genius traits. concord to several authors and researchers, on that point be sixer entrepreneurial roles were identified, which are innovator, adventure taker and bearer, execut ive manager, comparison builder, stake reducer and death achiever.